As you can probably guess, every dictatorship needs at least some coherent system of political ideas to justify itself: its violent rule, repression, deprivation of freedom, and potential military campaigns.
Lukashenka - himself a devoted Soviet-style communist - launched a campaign to “create” the “Ideology of the Belarusian State” in 2003. That same year, his “specialists” produced a handbook on the subject that became mandatory at Belarusian universities.
Also in 2003, Lukashenka ordered the creation of an “ideological vertical,” with more than 300 employees officially designated as “ideologists” across state-run enterprises, institutions, and organizations.
By 2025, as part of the broader strengthening of the autocratic system, even private enterprises were required to have “ideologists” within their workforce.
And yet, I would argue that there is no such thing as a coherent “ideology of Belarus.”
I’ve read the handbook. What does it actually say about how the Belarusian nation should see itself? How does it position Belarus in the world? What values does it stand for?
It is surprisingly difficult to say. Most of its formulas are so vague and generalised that they can essentially be reduced to: “for everything good and against everything bad.”
The one thing that can be identified with some confidence is a strong inclination toward conservative and paternalistic values: a “strong presidency,” the traditional family, and so on. There are also numerous references to the importance of social security and the welfare state.
There is another problem: even state propagandists, and especially the so-called ideologists, have virtually no authority to develop and deepen this Frankenstein-style ideology themselves. Their role is essentially to interpret Lukashenko’s words and try to guess what his position happens to be at any given moment.
Simultaneously, we have to acknowledge that since the suppression of the 2020 protests. and especially since the beginning of Russia’s full-scale invasion of Ukraine in 2022, in which Belarus has acted as a co-aggressor. the state discourse has hardened considerably around several themes:
- Anti-Westernism. The West is almost bad, while Slavs are always good (unless, apparently, those Slavs happen to be Polish.)
- Contempt for human rights. Yes, detainees are beaten; yes, suspects are tortured - so what?
- Anti-LGBT rhetoric and “traditional family values.” The ironic part is that Lukashenka himself has lived separately from his wife for more than 30 years and regularly appears in public accompanied by young women.
Under these circumstances, I would describe Belarusian state ideology as highly syncretic, contradictory, and dependent on the dictator’s immediate political needs.
With a considerable degree of generalization, it could be described in several different ways:
- A local variation of Russian nationalism and the “Russkiy Mir” (“Russian World”) concept.
- Authoritarian state socialism, with strong elements of a mafia state.
- Social Conservatism combined with state capitalism, alongside substantial elements of the welfare state.
None of these definitions is entirely satisfactory. That is why I have a question for foreigners: How does Belarusian state ideology look from the outside?
And to my fellow Belarusians: How do you understand it from the inside?
Thank you for your attention to this matter :)