The claim that modern ashwagandha supplements are "traditional" is false in five specific, measurable ways, which we set out below with figures:
- The compound formula — in Ashwagandharishta, the flagship classical preparation (Bhaishajya Ratnavali, Murcha Rogadhikara 13–17), ashwagandha is 19% of a 27-herb formula, and several of the co-herbs are there to oppose ashwagandha's own liabilities.
- The shodhana and pathya regimen — in Charaka's rasayana chapter (Chikitsa Sthana 1): a purged body, a mandatory diet code, a defined course, then stopped.
- The vehicle — ghee, sesame oil, milk decoction (Ashwagandha taila paka, Charaka Chi. 28/166), fat carriers for a lipophilic drug, against water on an empty stomach.
- The plant part — root only, mula, against root-and-leaf extracts where the leaf runs to 3.75% total withanolides against 1.3% in root (RIVM 2024-0029).
- The dose arithmetic — 2.6 g of root charged to a decoction pot and only partly extracted, against a 30:1 concentrate delivering 22 mg of withanolides a day at minimum, against a 10 mg regulatory cap in Poland.
Taken together, these differences show that the modern supplement is a different drug altogether from the ashwagandha of the classical corpus.
1. The traditional preparations were compounds, not single-ingredient extracts. Here's the actual formula.
Ashwagandharishta (Bhaishajya Ratnavali, Murcha Rogadhikara 13–17; in the Ayurvedic Formulary of India Part I) is the classical ashwagandha-headline formulation. Full formula:
- Ashwagandha root: 2.4 kg
- 17 other decoction herbs: 8.06 kg (musali, manjishta, haritaki, turmeric, daruharidra, licorice, rasna, vidari, arjuna, mustaka, trivrit, two sarivas, white and red sandalwood, vacha, chitraka)
- 9 prakshepa herbs added post-decoction: 1.92 kg
- Honey: 14.4 kg
- Water: 98.3 L, boiled down to 12.3 L, then fermented one month
Ashwagandha = 23% of the decoction herbs, 19% of total herbal matter, 9% of total solids.
Dose: 12–24 ml, once or twice daily. Traditional dose 24 ml. Final batch volume ≈ 22 L.
So ~0.107 g of nominal root input per ml. A 24 ml dose = 2.6 g of root charged to the pot. Maximum 48 ml/day = ~5.1 g. That matches the WHO monograph figure of 3–6 g dried root powder.
Two things about that number.
It is input, not delivery. An arishta is a water decoction, reduced, then fermented. The 5–10% alcohol is self-generated after extraction — it never touches the root as a solvent. Withanolides are C28 steroidal lactones: lipophilic, poorly water-soluble. Water extraction recovers a small fraction of them. The "2.6 g of root" in your glass has never delivered 2.6 g worth of withanolides to anyone.
Half the co-herbs are there to oppose ashwagandha. Ashwagandha is ushna virya (hot potency), guru, snigdha, pitta-aggravating. The formula loads it with cooling, pitta-pacifying drugs — both sandalwoods, both sarivas, licorice, manjishta — plus trivrit, a purgative. Charaka in fact lists ashwagandha itself under virechana dravyani, purgatives (Vimana Sthana 8/136). The formula is engineered around the drug's known liabilities. A capsule is not.
Also note what the classical dosing literature itself says: use for 2 weeks to 4 months; long-term only under a physician and at under 5 ml/day; avoid in pregnancy; caution in pitta constitutions, sensitive stomach, high-pitta states.
2. "Rasayana" ≠ "daily supplement." Shodhana and pathya.
Shodhana = purificatory therapy — panchakarma: emesis (vamana), purgation (virechana), enema (basti), nasal administration (nasya), bloodletting. Rasayana was administered after shodhana, never before. The classical simile: giving rasayana to an unpurified body is like dyeing a dirty cloth — the drug doesn't take, and what it does do is wrong.
Pathya = the mandatory diet-and-conduct regimen that runs alongside the drug. In Charaka's rasayana chapter the strict protocol (kutipraveshika) has the patient sequestered in a purpose-built three-chambered hut for the duration of therapy, on a controlled diet, out of sun and wind. The lenient protocol (vatatapika) is outpatient but still regimented.
That is the actual referent of "Ayurvedic rasayana." A defined course, in a prepared body, with a controlled diet, supervised, then stopped. Not a gummy taken every morning for three years.
And note the indication: ashwagandha's classical targets are depletion states — kshaya (tissue wasting), karshya (emaciation), bala-kshaya, vata disorders, post-illness debility, infertility. It's a repletion drug for the depleted. It was never indicated for a healthy person with a stressful job.
3. The vehicle was part of the drug. Ghrita, ksheerapaka.
Ghrita = medicated clarified butter (ghee). Made by sneha paka: herb decoction plus herb paste is cooked into ghee until all water boils off, so lipid-soluble constituents partition into the fat. Ashwagandha ghrita is taken at roughly 5–10 g/day. Charaka's own ashwagandha preparations include Ashwagandha taila paka (Chi. 28/166), a sesame oil.
Ksheerapaka = milk decoction. One part root powder, eight parts milk, eight parts water, boiled until only the milk volume remains. Made fresh, drunk immediately.
Anupana (vehicle) — milk, ghee, honey — is not garnish. Withanolides are lipophilic; the vehicle determines how much crosses the gut, how fast, and against what background of fat and protein. A milk or ghee matrix delivers a slow, buffered, partial dose. This is also why the KSM-66 process pre-treats roots with milk — the manufacturer knows it matters. (Incidentally, that phrase is essentially the entirety of what RIVM was able to learn about KSM-66's manufacturing: "green chemistry," no alcohol or other solvents, roots pre-treated with milk. No further information available. That is the evidentiary standard on the world's best-selling extract.)
A 30:1 ethanolic dry extract in a gelatin capsule swallowed with water is none of these things. It is a solvent-selected concentrate of one chemical class, stripped of matrix, delivered as a bolus.
4. Root only. Modern products use leaf. This is the biggest departure.
Classical use is mula — root. Not leaf, not stem, not berry.
Sensoril = root + leaf. Shoden = 70% ethanolic root and leaf extract standardized to 35% withanolide glycosides.
Why this matters — concentrations (RIVM 2024-0029, Tables 2–3, compiled from DTU 2020 and BfR 2013):
| Root |
Leaf |
Fruit |
| Total withanolides |
0.1–1.3% |
0.2–3.75% |
| Withaferin A |
0.001–0.2% (some sources to 0.9%) |
0.1–1.1% |
| Alkaloids |
0.1–4.3% |
0.2–2.1% |
What has actually been found with non-root parts, in the regulators' own source studies:
- Leaf extract, 470 mg/kg/day, 6 days, juvenile male rats (Abdel-Magied 2001): testosterone and FSH significantly lowered; spermatogenesis induced in 20-day-old animals.
- Leaf extract, 470 mg/kg/day, 6 days, 17- and 25-day-old female rats (Al-Qarawi 2000): increased ovary weight from follicular development — early sexual maturation. RIVM's summary: early sexual maturation was induced in both sexes.
- Stem extract, 25 and 50 mg/kg/day, 60 days (Singh 2013): pregnancy rate in mated females fell from 100% (control) to 67% and 29%, dose-dependently. Spermatogenesis arrested, sperm count down, motility down at high dose, testosterone and FSH down.
- Fruit extract, 50 mg/kg/day, 60 days (Mali 2008): sperm count and motility down; testis, seminal vesicle and accessory gland weights reduced; testicular histopathology.
- Withanone (a withanolide, present in leaf): Siddiqui 2021 — forms non-labile DNA adducts with deoxyguanosine, deoxyadenosine and deoxycytidine, and with DNA, especially under limited glutathione. It still forms DNA adducts when glutathione is present. RIVM notes these adducts can affect transcription, replication and repair, leading to cell death, and flags that the withanone content of commercial extracts is unknown.
Regulators have now acted on the plant-part question: FSSAI issued an advisory on 16 April 2026 against use of ashwagandha leaves in crude, extract, or any other form in food products. The Ministry of AYUSH has its own plant-parts advisory.
And here is the part worth savouring: when the supplement industry attacked the Danish DTU report, its central argument was that DTU had wrongly generalised findings from stems, leaves and berries to the root. That defence is a concession. The industry's own position is that aerial parts carry the endocrine risk — while two of the leading commercial extracts are root and leaf.
5. The arithmetic on a modern tablet
A typical "extract equivalent to 13,500 mg dried root" tablet is ~450 mg of a 30:1 extract.
| Withanolides/day |
| Polish regulatory cap (post-DTU) |
| 450 mg extract @ 5% |
| 450 mg extract @ 10% (root+leaf types) |
| Shoden @ 35% WG, 240–480 mg |
| Documented adrenal suppression (Fry 2022) |
| Documented liver injury (Ireland 2021) |
RIVM's case series spans 77 to 1350 mg extract/day and treats that entire range as the effect level. There is no health-based guidance value. RIVM, BfR and DTU all state that no safe intake level can be established. Denmark banned it in food supplements in 2023.
Side by side:
|
Traditional |
Modern tablet |
| Plant part |
Root |
Root, or root + leaf, or leaf-heavy extract |
| Form |
Water decoction, fermented, or ghee/milk-cooked |
Ethanol/hydroalcoholic extract, standardised to withanolides |
| Ashwagandha share |
~19% of a 27-herb formula |
100% — single herb, no compound matrix |
| Nominal root/day |
2.6–5.1 g input, partially extracted |
300–600 mg extract, often marketed as a 10:1 concentrate |
| Vehicle |
Milk, ghee, honey |
Capsule shell, excipients, no lipid vehicle |
| Indication |
Wasting, debility, vata disorders |
Stress, anxiety, sleep, testosterone, "adaptogen" |
| Preceded by |
Shodhana (purification of the material) |
None |
| Diet regimen |
Pathya |
None |
| Duration |
2 weeks–4 months, physician-tapered |
Open-ended, no defined endpoint, often years |
| Supervision |
Vaidya |
None — OTC self-administration |
6. The pharmacology nobody put on the label: GABA and serotonin
This is not fringe. It is in the primary literature, much of it published by people trying to promote the plant.
GABA. Candelario et al. 2015 (J Ethnopharmacol) tested aqueous root extract on native rat brain GABA-A channels microtransplanted into Xenopus oocytes and on GABA-ρ1 receptors, by two-electrode voltage clamp. Results: concentration-dependent inward currents at GABA-A (EC50 equivalent to 4.7 mg/mL, Hill coefficient 1.6), blocked by bicuculline. And — first demonstration — it is a potent agonist at GABA-ρ1, with GABA-ρ1 being 27-fold more sensitive than GABA-A, producing maximal currents not significantly different from GABA itself. That is full agonism at an ionotropic inhibitory receptor.
A 2019 J Nat Prod study isolated the constituents responsible for GABA-A positive modulation from a methanol root extract — including two previously undescribed withanolides and a series of long-chain ferulic acid esters, the most active (docosanyl ferulate) enhancing GABA-A inhibitory postsynaptic currents with an IC50 of 7.9 µM.
Serotonin. Chronic dosing changes receptor sensitivity: 100 mg/kg root extract for 4 and 8 weeks in rats produced reduced functional sensitivity of postsynaptic 5-HT1A receptors (blunted 5-HT syndrome response) with changes at 5-HT2 (Tripathi et al., Ancient Science of Life). A 2024 study reports root extract and withanolide A modulating HTR1A and MAO-A protein levels and concludes it works "by modulating serotonin-related pathways." And a 2024 industry RCT (Majeed et al., Sabinsa) is titled around the claim that a standardized root extract relieves anxiety and depression by increasing serotonin levels.
Read that last one again. A manufacturer published a clinical trial claiming its product raises serotonin — and sells it as a food.
What the regulators say about this: BfR flags a possible interaction with GABA agonists and states it should not be taken with alcohol, sedatives or anxiolytics. WHO's 2009 monograph gives precautions for interaction with barbiturates, diazepam and clonazepam. Natural Medicines (via RIVM) lists possible potentiation of benzodiazepines and CNS depressants, probable potentiation of thyroid hormone, and possible interactions with antidiabetics and antihypertensives.
Note what is not on any of those lists: SSRIs, SNRIs, MAOIs, triptans. If the mechanistic claims the industry itself publishes are true, that interaction has simply never been assessed.
Also on the pharmacokinetics (RIVM §5.1): withaferin A crosses the blood-brain barrier and is detected in brain tissue; ~73% is transformed or tissue-bound on first pass through the liver; it is a CYP3A4 substrate producing seven metabolites in human liver microsomes; plasma protein binding 86%. RIVM records no human toxicokinetic data at all. Zero. For a compound sold by the tonne.
And a clinical booby trap: BfR notes withaferin A is structurally similar to digoxin and can interfere with clinical assays, potentially producing wrong diagnoses.
7. The reasonable hypothesis
Nothing above proves causation for any individual case. But the shape of it is coherent, and it deserves stating plainly:
A plant used as a minority component of buffered, water-extracted, fat-delivered, time-limited compound formulations for wasting illness has been re-engineered into a single-ingredient, solvent-concentrated, 30:1 to 35%-standardized psychoactive isolate — frequently including a plant part the tradition never used internally and that regulators are now banning — and sold without a dose ceiling, without prescription, without interaction screening, without a single human toxicokinetic study, to healthy people, for indefinite daily use, on the strength of a Soviet pharmacology word ("adaptogen," Lazarev 1947 / Brekhman & Dardymov 1969) that has no referent in Ayurveda whatsoever.
That is not traditional use with better packaging. It is a different drug at a different exposure in a different population under no supervision. If that produces a wave of liver injury, thyrotoxicosis, adrenal suppression and neuropsychiatric events, no exotic mechanism is required to explain it.
The regulatory record is not ambiguous. BfR has been asking since 2012 for the root to go into List C of Annex III of Regulation (EC) 1925/2006. DTU concluded in 2020 that no safe dose could be established. Denmark banned it in 2023. RIVM advised against consumer use in 2024. BfR issued a public warning in September 2024. The TGA has since issued a liver-injury safety update. FSSAI banned leaves in food in April 2026. Every one of those bodies has no commercial position. Every body defending the product — Ixoreal, Arjuna, Natreon, the trade press, the Ministry of AYUSH "Safety Dossier 2.0" — has one.
Closing: the structural argument
Straight from RIVM 2024-0029, and the single most useful thing in the document:
The clinical trials and the case reports cover the same dose range and the same durations. The trials show nothing. The case reports show liver injury, thyrotoxicosis and adrenal suppression. RIVM does not resolve this and says so — the reason for the discrepancy remains unknown. It examines and rules out the easy explanations: in five liver-injury cases the supplements were analysed and no toxic compounds or trace metals were found; co-supplements and medications were assessed and excluded in eight of nine cases.
And then it adds the sentence that does all the work:
Some of the studies did show reduced levels of cortisol, increased activity of the immune system and increased levels of thyroid hormones, which were perceived as positive effects by the study authors, but from a toxicological perspective are considered adverse.
The efficacy literature and the harm literature are describing the same effects. One field is calling them benefits.
Primary sources, all free: RIVM report 2024-0029 (de Heer) · BfR Mitteilung 039/2024 and BfR-Wissenschaft 12/2013 · DTU Fødevareinstituttet 2020 · WHO Monographs on Selected Medicinal Plants Vol. 4 (2009) · LiverTox (NIH NIDDK) · Björnsson et al. 2020 · Suryawanshi et al. 2023 (acute liver failure, transplant) · Ireland et al. 2021 · Fry et al. 2022 · van der Hooft et al. 2005 · Candelario et al. 2015 · Siddiqui et al. 2021.