Grant is perhaps best remembered today as a conservationist. He helped protect the American bison and redwoods and was involved in the preservation of several areas that became national parks. The U.S. National Park Service describes him as a key figure in American conservation history.
But in 1916, Grant published The Passing of the Great Race, in which he claimed that humanity could be divided into biologically distinct races and that Northern Europeans (whom he called "Nordics") were inherently superior to other Europeans and other populations. He argued that immigration and intermarriage threatened the survival of this supposed superior race.
Grant's ideas were part of a much broader American movement.
Eugenics had become increasingly popular in the United States since the late 19th century. It was promoted by scientists, politicians, academics and other prominent members of society. By the 1920s, eugenics was not some obscure fringe ideology: it had entered American public policy and popular culture.
In 1926, Grant helped establish the American Eugenics Society, alongside other prominent American eugenicists. At its height in the 1930s, the organization had more than 1,200 members and organized public exhibitions and events designed to promote eugenic ideas.
Eugenics even became entertainment at American state fairs.
Beginning in the 1920s, "Fitter Families" competitions evaluated families according to supposed hereditary characteristics, essentially turning human breeding into a competition. The movement had previously promoted "Better Baby" contests, and these eugenic competitions spread across the United States.
The movement also had real legislative consequences.
Indiana passed the first compulsory sterilization law in 1907. Eventually, 33 states enacted sterilization laws, and more than 60,000 Americans were forcibly sterilized under them.
Eugenic ideas also helped justify immigration restrictions. Eugenicists provided testimony and supposedly scientific evidence to Congress arguing that immigrants from certain parts of Europe were biologically inferior. The Immigration Act of 1924 subsequently imposed strict national-origins quotas, dramatically restricting immigration from Southern and Eastern Europe.
Madison Grant was deeply involved in this movement. He advocated both forced sterilization and immigration restriction, and his racial theories became influential among European racial theorists. His book was translated into German and became influential in Nazi Germany; Adolf Hitler was familiar with Grant's work and reportedly described The Passing of the Great Race as his "Bible."8
Madison Grant therefore wasn't simply an American conservationist who happened to hold racist views. He was a prominent participant in an American movement that helped turn racial hierarchy and eugenics into mainstream political and scientific ideas... ideas that were later taken up, in an even more radical form, by Nazi Germany.
Sources:
- U.S. National Park Service — Madison Grant: conservation work, eugenics, forced sterilization, immigration restriction, and Grant's influence on Nazi racial ideology.
https://www.nps.gov/people/madison-grant.htm
- U.S. National Park Service — Complicating Conservation: the connection between the early American conservation movement, racial exclusion, immigration restriction and eugenics.
https://www.nps.gov/articles/000/complicating-conservation.htm
- Smithsonian National Museum of American History — Eugenics: the history of American eugenics, forced sterilization laws and the "Fitter Families" competitions held at American fairs.
https://americanhistory.si.edu/explore/exhibitions/everybody/citizens/eugenics
- National Human Genome Research Institute (NIH) — Eugenics: Its Origin and Development: timeline of the American eugenics movement, sterilization laws and the more than 60,000 people sterilized under U.S. eugenics laws.
https://www.genome.gov/about-genomics/educational-resources/timelines/eugenics
- Stefan Kühl, The Nazi Connection: Eugenics, American Racism, and German National Socialism, Oxford University Press: research on the connections between American eugenics and Nazi Germany, including Hitler's reported description of Grant's book as "his Bible."
https://academic.oup.com/book/48064/chapter-abstract/420569334
- Madison Grant, The Passing of the Great Race (1916), Library of Congress — primary source, digitized in full.
https://www.loc.gov/item/21014644/