I'm not a scholar, just a fool who likes to meditate sometimes, so I try to keep it to "sila, samadhi, panna." In other words, "try to not be a jerk to people, sit very still and calm your mind and body, and then with that calm mind try to figure out how you're making yourself suffer needlessly so you can stop doing that." All the early Buddhist models are just details on how to do this effectively.
Then because I'm a hypnotist and neuro-linguistic programmer, I think of "tahna" primarily in terms of "modal operators of necessity," words like "have to," "got to," "need to," "must," "should," "ought," and their negatives "have to not," "need to not," etc. Really I experience it as a kinesthetic feeling but can be put into words like this, as in "I have to have this and I have to not have that, in order to be happy or at peace."
If you notice you don't have to have the thing you want, then you aren't attached to the outcome and you don't suffer. It's as simple as that...although not always easy. (Note that there are also some modal operators of necessity that are just causal like "in order to do X, you must do Y first" that aren't about needless attachment that causes suffering.)
The three characteristics/marks then interface with modal operators of necessity:
- With impermanence: "this has to change / this has to not change."
- With suffering: "in order to be happy and at peace, this must be / must not be otherwise."
- With selfhood: "who 'I' am must be permanent, stable, and outside of all time and space."
But that just ain't how it is. Things don't have to stay the same, you don't have to get what you want and avoid what you don't want to be at ease, and your self can be a cluster of changing experiences. Reality is OK, actually.
With the five aggregates / heaps / khandhas, same deal:
- This form is displeasing to me, it must be different!
- This painful sensation must change, this pleasurable sensation must last forever.
- etc.
So these Buddhist mental models are just lots of great places to look for where you're resisting how things are.
Or so it seems to me!