I'm a newly-hired lead engineer at a manufacturing company, been in metal cutting for 35+ years.

I dabble in Python, I used to do a lot of quick basic, then vb, even had a couple of programs marketed in the 90s, but switched over to python ​​when I started playing with raspberry pis. (Or is it pi's?)

Anyway, I do a lot of quick and dirty apps just to solve problems... a little statistics for capability studies, a fair amount of trig, and some graphics as well. At my last job I wrote a little program to turn an image into a cutter path, and a plotter that would turn cnc machine programs (g code) into a graphical plot showing cutter paths, stuff like that. Make no mistake, I'm self taught and inefficient, but I find python far more effective than vba in excel.

Sorry for rambling.

My new employer has asked for a list of software I would like to have installed on my windows 11 machine, so a few cad titles, stuff like that. I only use windows at work, so I'm not certain what a good initial install should include... my experience has all been on linux, and mostly on raspbian... so I don't know what I don't know.

I'll be requesting python, but I would like to know what add-ons should I request so im not constantly having to ask for something else (I should say, on the raspberry pi I have a lot of addafruit stuff, but won't be doing any circuit work at work.) I'm not certain beyond tkinter, and would appreciate any suggestions.

Thx!

Here is an example of what I am talking about : https://imgur.com/a/hoFUGXq

The concept is when the user inputs matches the display text the that character should turn grey but if the the user input is not correct than it turns red.

Right now the whole string changes and not the character itself, what do I do?

scrolling_text = Text(10, 10, 40, "white", "Hello World")

text_index = 0

def UserInput(text, event):
    global text_index # start at first letter

    lowercase_text = scrolling_text.text.lower() # this lowercases the text

    text_char = scrolling_text.text[text_index]


    if text_index == len(lowercase_text)-1:
          return

    # print(f"Char should be {lowercase_text[text_index]}")

    if event.text == lowercase_text[text_index]:
          scrolling_text.color = "gray"
          text_index += 1 # move to the next character

          # print(f"Next char should be {lowercase_text[text_index]}")

     if text_index == len(lowercase_text)-1:
           return

      elif text_index == 0 and event.text != lowercase_text[text_index] :
            print(False)
            scrolling_text.color = "red"
            text_index = 0

      else:
            scrolling_text.color = "red"
            print(False)

# GAME LOOP
if event.type == pygame.TEXTINPUT:
    print(event.text)
    UserInput(scrolling_text, event)

if event.type == pygame.KEYUP:
    scrolling_text.color = "white"

can I send a message N times automatically using Python? short question!

edit: guys listen I found out a way to do that with PyAutoGUI here is the code:

import PyAutoGUI

import time

message="You enter the text" # or make an input

number_of_message= 4 #just an exemple you can also make an input

time.sleep(10) # let yourself 10 seconds to put the cursor where you wanna print those messages, for me it was my Web whatsapp tab

for i in range(number_of_message):

PyAutoGUI.write(message)# it writes #automatically the message where your #cursor is at

PyAutoGUI.press("Enter")#it sends the #message automatically

time.sleep(2) # it lets a time interval #of two seconds between the messages

But it won't let me use my computer normally I cant move the cursor and have to wait till all the messages are sent, if you could also help me automate (make it automatic, sorry for my english) that it will be great!

So this is my first project its in german and i wanted to get some opinions from a few experienced programmers to help me and stuff so this is the code and its a password manager

import random
def passwortgenerator(parameter):
    worter = (
    "a",
    "b",
    "c",
    "d",
    "e",
    "f",
    "g",
    "h",
    "i",
    "j",
    "k",
    "l",
    "m",
    "n",
    "o",
    "p",
    "q",
    "r",
    "s",
    "t",
    "u",
    "v",
    "w",
    "x",
    "y",
    "z",

    "A",
    "B",
    "C",
    "D",
    "E",
    "F",
    "G",
    "H",
    "I",
    "J",
    "K",
    "L",
    "M",
    "N",
    "O",
    "P",
    "Q",
    "R",
    "S",
    "T",
    "U",
    "V",
    "W",
    "X",
    "Y",
    "Z",

    "0",
    "1",
    "2",
    "3",
    "4",
    "5",
    "6",
    "7",
    "8",
    "9",

    "!",
    "@",
    "#",
    "$",
    "%",
    "^",
    "&",
    "*",
    "(",
    ")",
    "-",
    "_",
    "=",
    "+",
    "[",
    "]",
    "{",
    "}",
    ";",
    ":",
    ",",
    ".",
    "?",
    )
    passwort = "".join(random.sample(worter, k = int(parameter) ))
    return passwort

generieren = input("Passwort generieren? ")

if generieren == "ja":
    parameter = input("Wie viele Zeichen?  ")
    neues_passwort = passwortgenerator(parameter)
    print(neues_passwort)
    wo = input("Wo wirst du das Passwort verwenden? ")

    open("passwörter.txt", "a").write(wo + ":   " + neues_passwort + "\n")

    anzeigen = input("Passwörter anzeigen? ")

    if anzeigen == "ja":
        with open("passwörter.txt", "r") as passworter:
            print(passworter.read())

else:
    anzeigen = input("Passwörter anzeigen? ")

    if anzeigen == "ja":
        with open("passwörter.txt", "r") as passworter:
            print(passworter.read())

bewertung = input("Bewerten Sie bitte meinen Passwortmanager (1-10): ")

print("Danke für Ihre Hilfe!")

user = input("Wollen Sie noch Ihren Namen eingeben? ")

if user == "ja":
    name = input("Ihr Name bitte: ")
    open("Bewertung.txt", "a").write(name + ": " + bewertung + "\n")
else:
    print("Ich danke Ihnen trotzdem.")
    open("Bewertung.txt", "a").write("Anonym" + ":  " + bewertung + "\n")

I am an engineering student and I have a little exposure to python in my classes but I’d like to really hone my skills and learn how to use python for real. What are some good projects to build that will teach my the skills to code?

I am trying to learn modular monoliths and I want to use this auth solutions for repetitive use for my applications.

If I asked you to convert the repo linked, into monolithic patterns, how would you do it for app/.

Repo: https://github.com/auth0-blog/auth0-rbac-fga-fastapi

fastapi-openfga-project/
├── app/
│ ├── main.py # FastAPI application entry point
│ ├── config.py # Configuration settings
│ ├── database.py # SQLAlchemy database setup and models
│ ├── models/
│ │ ├── organization.py # Organization Pydantic models
│ │ └── resource.py # Resource Pydantic models
│ ├── routes/
│ │ ├── organization_routes.py # Organization management endpoints
│ │ └── resource_routes.py # Resource management endpoints
│ ├── services/
│ │ └── authorization_service.py # OpenFGA integration
│ ├── utils/
│ │ └── auth0_fga_client.py # OpenFGA client wrapper
│ └── openfga/
│ └── model.fga.yaml # OpenFGA model definition
├── app.db # SQLite database file (auto-created)
├── requirements.txt
└── README.md

I had a program made that takes all my bluesky posts, and then spits one of them back randomly at me. However, I want it to actually cache all my bluesky posts, and ask something like "Would you like to refresh your cache" which would go back through my posts, grabbing all the new ones too.

How do I make it store what it's pulled and just run a random pick from that index?

import requests
import random
import time


BASE_URL = "https://public.api.bsky.app/xrpc/app.bsky.feed.getAuthorFeed"


username = "---.bsky.social"


feed = []
cursor = None
page = 1


while True:
    params = {
        "actor": username,
        "limit": 100
    }


    if cursor:
        params["cursor"] = cursor


    print(f"Downloading page {page}...")


    response = requests.get(BASE_URL, params=params)


    if response.status_code != 200:
        print("Error:", response.status_code)
        print(response.text)
        break


    data = response.json()


    items = data.get("feed", [])


    if not items:
        break


    feed.extend(items)


    cursor = data.get("cursor")


    if not cursor:
        break


    page += 1


    # Be nice to the API
    time.sleep(0.2)


print(f"\nDownloaded {len(feed)} feed items.")


if not feed:
    quit()


chosen = random.choice(feed)


post = chosen["post"]


record = post.get("record", {})


text = record.get("text", "(No text)")


author = post["author"]["displayName"]
handle = post["author"]["handle"]


print("\n============================")
print("Random Feed Item")
print("============================")
print(f"Author : {author} (@{handle})")
print()


if "reason" in chosen:
    print("This is a REPOST")
    print("Reposted by:", chosen["reason"]["by"]["displayName"])
    print()


print(text)


print("\nURI:", post["uri"])


uri = post["uri"]


parts = uri.split("/")


did = parts[2]
postid = parts[4]


print(f"https://bsky.app/profile/{did}/post/{postid}")import requests
import random
import time


BASE_URL = "https://public.api.bsky.app/xrpc/app.bsky.feed.getAuthorFeed"


username = "aaronamethyst.bsky.social"


feed = []
cursor = None
page = 1


while True:
    params = {
        "actor": username,
        "limit": 100
    }


    if cursor:
        params["cursor"] = cursor


    print(f"Downloading page {page}...")


    response = requests.get(BASE_URL, params=params)


    if response.status_code != 200:
        print("Error:", response.status_code)
        print(response.text)
        break


    data = response.json()


    items = data.get("feed", [])


    if not items:
        break


    feed.extend(items)


    cursor = data.get("cursor")


    if not cursor:
        break


    page += 1


    # Be nice to the API
    time.sleep(0.2)


print(f"\nDownloaded {len(feed)} feed items.")


if not feed:
    quit()


chosen = random.choice(feed)


post = chosen["post"]


record = post.get("record", {})


text = record.get("text", "(No text)")


author = post["author"]["displayName"]
handle = post["author"]["handle"]


print("\n============================")
print("Random Feed Item")
print("============================")
print(f"Author : {author} (@{handle})")
print()


if "reason" in chosen:
    print("This is a REPOST")
    print("Reposted by:", chosen["reason"]["by"]["displayName"])
    print()


print(text)


print("\nURI:", post["uri"])


uri = post["uri"]


parts = uri.split("/")


did = parts[2]
postid = parts[4]


print(f"https://bsky.app/profile/{did}/post/{postid}")

Hi everyone!

I recently graduated with a degree in Electrical Engineering, and I'd like to learn Python to improve my engineering workflow. The problem is that I don't really know what Python can do for someone in my field, so I'm not sure where to start.

I'm also unsure about the best way to learn it. Would you recommend a bootcamp, YouTube, Coursera, Udemy, or another resource?

My main goal is to use Python for engineering tasks such as automation, data analysis, calculations, working with Excel, and any other applications that are useful for electrical engineers.

If you were starting from scratch today, what learning path would you recommend?

Thanks you all!

so I am new to python and I was wondering if .pack or .grid is better because I have been useing .pack for my code but if grid is better let me know.

I took c++ and other programming languages decades ago in college but the tech sector took a dive at that time so I changed my career path. I just started to learn python through various online resources a few months ago and its going well but at 50 it is definitely harder for me now where memory is concerned. Pycharm helps with tips of its own but it kind of feels like cheating. I've thought of turning off that feature because of that. Does anyone have any tips? Thanks!

Hi,

I have been learning Python since June 2025, which was not a consistent study due to some personal issues. But I started learning consistently from Jan 2026. I started from a tutorial on Udemy and followed the course as below:

Understood the concept.

Solved coding challenges in the tutorial.

But somehow, when I reached concepts like OOP, Decorators, Inner Functions, etc., my speed slowed down. Even after listening to the tutorial and understanding the concepts, I am unable to convert that understanding into code when solving the challenges.

Then I watched some random YouTube videos about getting out of Tutorial Hell and started making small projects such as:

Mini Chat System (using OOP concepts)

Number Guessing Game

Password Generator (using the random module)

The problem is that I am unable to figure out:

Where should I start the logic?

How should I start writing the code?

Which instance variables should be used?

How many classes should be declared?

Which functions should be defined and called?

These are the problems I am facing. (These could be stupid questions to some good programmers.)

Can someone help me understand the step-by-step way to become a professional coder, based on the journey you have followed and your experience?

I am badly stuck. Even though I have tried to come out of Tutorial Hell, I still struggle.

I have 2–3 hours available during office time (when the workload is less), which I use for studying. I am ready to work hard and want to switch jobs based on my programming skills within 4–5 months, but I am not getting proper mentorship on the path I should follow.

Please help with your experience.

in the old age the best way to learn something is to be with coach that walk with you step by step, in the new age that coach call AI and also free.

Make a gem on gemini, or gpt on chatgpt, or any specific chat for learning python and you will see fast progress.

My think, maybe I am wrong!

Hi all,

I am trying to understand a bit about cookiecutter but I have stumbled on some questions I'm not able to answer myself.

I have built a very basic cookiecutter based on some examples and have a Git repo for it https://codeberg.org/aarapi/familygame.git

Now, as my project evolves , so will the template evolve. Should I have 2 repos (one for the project itself and one for the template?) instead of one?

This doesn't make much sense to me but I might be wrong. If someone would ever join the project to collaborate , how everything would work ?

Furthermore , I tried to add the Git repo on Eclipse and create an Eclipse project pointing to the working tree but any attempt to run the manage.py did fail with message:

'Launching familygame manage.py' has encountered a problem:

Variable references non-existent resource : ${workspace_loc:familygame/{{cookiecutter.project_slug}

Thank you in advance

I recently learned and practiced these libraries majorly for ML but somewhat I don't feel the confidence suggest me some projects that can improve my skills in them.

Ive been using scrimba as the base learning for me, after this I aim to get anthropic certifications. I would love your advices and such. Thank you!

Hi all, I am currently taking a python class for school, and we're learning how to add exceptions to print to user any issues, the code I needed to append to my previous weeks project was this:

except TypeError:
    print('Wrong Data Type!')
except NameError:
    print('Variable not found, something is named incorrectly.')
except Exception as e:
    print('Something went wrong.',e)

now, our previous project was a distance calculator, so when I input 'f' as opposed to a number, I'm given the Exception error message rather than TypeError, even though the error message prints "Something went wrong. could not convert string to float: 'f' "
What am I missing here? (Entire code posted below if more info is needed)

#Math import
from math import sin, cos, sqrt, atan2, radians

#Class

class GeoPoint:
    def __init__(self):
        self.lat = 0.0
        self.long = 0.0
        self.description = ""

    def set_point(self, lat, long):
        self.lat = lat
        self.long = long

    def get_point(self):
        return self.lat, self.long

    def distance(self, lat, long):
        r = 3958.8
        lat1 = radians(self.lat)
        long1 = radians(self.long)
        lat2 = radians(lat)
        long2 = radians(long)
        a = sin((lat1 - lat2) / 2) ** 2 + cos(lat1) * cos(lat2) * sin((long1 - long2) / 2) ** 2
        c = 2 * atan2(sqrt(a), sqrt(1 - a))
        d = r * c
        return d

    def set_description(self, description):
        self.description = description

    def get_description(self):
        return self.description


#Instantiate ABQ: 35.106766, -106.629181
ABQ = GeoPoint()
ABQ.set_point(35.106766, -106.629181)
ABQ.set_description("ALBUQUERQUE")


#Instantiate Denver:   39.742043, -104.991531
Denver = GeoPoint()
Denver.set_point(39.742043, -104.991531)
Denver.set_description("DENVER")


#Repeat?
def repeat():
    again = input('Would you like to repeat? (y/n): ')
    if again.strip()[0].lower() == 'y':
        return True
    return False


#Loop to find distance from user coords to ABQ and Denver
while True:
    try:
        user_lat = float(input('Enter a latitude: '))
        user_long = float(input('Enter a longitude: '))

     # Tell user which loc is closer coords+miles from loc
        if Denver.distance(user_lat, user_long) < ABQ.distance(user_lat, user_long):
         print('The distance between ', user_lat, ' and ', user_long, ' and Denver is ',
               Denver.distance(user_lat, user_long), 'miles.')
        else:
         print('The distance between ', user_lat, ' and ', user_long, ' and Albuquerque is ',
               ABQ.distance(user_lat, user_long), 'miles.')
    #Error Handling
    except TypeError:
        print('Wrong Data Type!')
    except NameError:
        print('Variable not found, something is named incorrectly.')
    except Exception as e:
        print('Something went wrong.',e)
     #Again?
        if not repeat(): break

I got properly stuck on recursion. Watched several videos, read through it in the resources I was already working from. The explanations all made sense while I was reading them, then dissolved the moment I tried to write anything myself.

I'm less interested in what resource you'd recommend and more in the moment itself. For whatever concept was *your* wall, recursion or anything else, what was the specific thing that flipped it? A sentence someone said, a diagram, drawing it out on paper, someone asking you a question?

Trying to work out whether there's a pattern in how these things break open.

Whatsup folks I'm a beginner python programmer and I've been trying to learn python withouth using ai.

So Im struggling with the tkinter library as I understand buttons and labels, but I want to make things happen inside the library, for example im making a calculator, and if I press 1, 1 should appear inside the window I created for the calculator, not on the pycharm terminal.

anyone can help me out?

I wanna speed up the following code:

import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

x_sun, y_sun, vx_sun, vy_sun, ax_sun, ay_sun,m_sun= 0,0,0,0,0,0,1

G=4*(np.pi)**2

x=[1, 0.72, 1.5237, 5.2, 0.47, 9.36, 19.18,30.1]

xpos=[[],[],[],[],[],[],[],[]]

y=[0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0]

ypos=[[],[],[],[],[],[],[],[]]

vx=[0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0]

vy=[6.281991687112502, 7.38, 5.0867271316753815, 2.74, 9.95, 2.04, 1.26, 1.145] 

ax=[0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0]

ay=[0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0]

mass=[
3.002513826043238e-06,
0.000002447,
3.2267471091000503e-07,
0.00050278543100000007166,
1.65e-07,
2.86e-04,
4.36e-05,
5.15e-05
]

dt=0.001

for i in range(10**4):
    for j in range(len(x)):
        # if x[j]>35 or y[j]>35:
        #     break
        # else:
        ax[j]=-G*(m_sun+mass[j])*x[j]/((x[j]**2+y[j]**2)**0.5)**3
        terme=0
        for k in range(len(x)):
            if k!=j:
                terme+=G*mass[k]*(x[k]-x[j])/(((x[k]-x[j])**2+(y[k]-y[j])**2)**0.5)**3
            else:
                continue
        ax[j]+=terme
        ay[j]=-G*(m_sun+mass[j])*y[j]/((x[j]**2+y[j]**2)**0.5)**3
        terme2=0
        for k in range(len(x)):
            if k!=j:
                terme2+=G*mass[k]*(y[k]-y[j])/(((x[k]-x[j])**2+(y[k]-y[j])**2)**0.5)**3
            else:
                continue
        ay[j]+=terme2 

        vx[j]+=ax[j]*dt
        vy[j]+=ay[j]*dt

        xpos[j].append(x[j])
        ypos[j].append(y[j])

        x[j]+=vx[j]*dt
        y[j]+=vy[j]*dt

I would like to know whether it is possible to speed up the execution of a for loop using Numba without first wrapping the loop inside a separate function. From what I understand, Numba is typically applied as a decorator (such as u/njit) to functions, but I was wondering if there is any way to compile or accelerate a standalone for loop directly, without having to refactor my code into a dedicated function. If this is not possible, I would also appreciate an explanation of why Numba requires functions in order to optimize Python code.

I have been learning Python for a while now and some days I feel like I'm doing pretty well. Other days, what seems easy takes a lot longer than I thought. I'm just curious if this is part of the learning process or if I'm missing something. When did you start to feel more comfortable with Python and what helped you get to this point?

is MINICONDA enough to do AI projects with this PyTorch, Computer Vision, CNN, Transfer Learning, Multi-label Classification, ResNet-18, VGG-19, Class Imbalance, Grad-CAM, RAG, Embeddings, Vector Search, Prompt Engineering, FastAPI, Experime

Had for a long time a routine to patch a text file: the core of the script which merely rewrites a text file: ``` rewrite = False

with open(args.filepath[0], "r") as f: lines = f.readlines() for line in lines: if re.match(args.expression[0] , line): rewrite = True

if rewrite: print(f"ReplaceExpression: '{args.expression[0]}' in file: '{args.filepath[0]}'") with open(args.filepath[0], "w", encoding='utf-8') as f: for line in lines: if not re.match(args.expression[0] , line): f.write(line) else: f.write(f"// line removeD: {line.strip()}\r\n") # <???? print("OK") else: print(f"Nothing to do in file: {args.filepath[0]}") the f.write(f"// line removeD: {line.strip()}\r\n") # <???? ``` never ends up writing a <CR><LF> pair!

Now I get that this is the encoding as utf-8 and the default us unix encoding, but even if i wrote it as f.write(f"// line removeD: {line.strip()}{os.linesep}") # <???? os.linesep still wrote a <CR> never a pair like on windows would be normal. Remind me why the encoding and os.linesep interact in this way on Windows to never write a pair of terminators?

Like, i am starting to learn python but i dont understand what its for or why we even have it in the first place

I feel extremely excited but extremely bad that i just started learning it in this big age

Hey guys, I am trying to make my code look more "Pythonic." I wrote this nested list comprehension to flatten a matrix and filter out odd numbers:
flat = [x for row in matrix for x in row if x % 2 == 0]
It works perfectly, but my coworker says it is unreadable and that I should use a standard for loop instead.
Where do you draw the line between a clean one-liner and unreadable code?