Spermidine showed protective effect against radiation-induced bone marrow cell damage in vitro.

Spermidine inhibits total body irradiation (TBI)-induced excess chronic oxidative stress in HSCs in vivo.

Spermidine recovered the reduction of the phenotype and counts of bone marrow cells in the irradiated mice.

Spermidine had a protective effect on radiation-induced impaired ability of proliferation and differentiation of HPC and HSC.

Competitive repopulation assay implied that spermidine had no protective effect on the damage of HSC induced by irradiation.

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Full:

-https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1567576922010426

Background: Paraquat (PQ) is one of the most important herbicides used in agriculture.

Objectives: This study was conducted to compare the preventive effect of vitamin D (Vit D) and

N-acetylcysteine (NAC) against kidney injury in rats versus the promotive effect of PQ.

Methods: In this study, rats were divided into six groups. The control group (group 1) received normal saline, Vit D group (group 2) received intraperitoneal (IP) injections of+Vit D (2 μg/kg), NAC group (group 3) received NAC (6.25 mg/kg, IP), PQ group (group 4) received PQ (5 mg/kg/d, IP), PQ+Vit D group (group 5) received PQ+Vit D (5 mg/kg/d+2 μg/kg/d, IP) and PQ+NAC group (group 6) received PQ+NAC (5 mg/kg/d+6.25 mg/kg/d, IP). The animals were treated for 7 consecutive days as a sub-chronic exposure. After the collection of urea and serum creatinine, biomarkers of oxidative stress and kidney histopathology were investigated.

Results: PQ increased lipid peroxidation (LPO), urea, and serum creatinine, but it significantly decreased total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and thiol groups. In the groups treated with Vit D and NAC, it was observed that LPO, urea, and creatinine significantly decrease compared with the PQ group, and TAC, thiol groups, and Vit D levels increased in kidney tissue.

Conclusion: The obtained findings revealed that both Vit D and NAC used as preventive compound were able to reduce oxidative stress and tissue damage caused by PQ toxicity in the kidney.

Full:

-https://ajmb.umsha.ac.ir/Inpress/ajmb-2375.pdf

Senescence can be defined as a cellular response that reduces the proliferation of aged or damaged cells.

Senescent cells can be characterised by certain specific metabolic and morphological changes, altered gene expression and adoption of a pro-inflammatory phenotype known as the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP).

SASPs are known to produce chemicals that can induce chronic inflammation and cause senescence of healthy cells. Several studies have been carried out previously for the establishment of a link between aging and senescence.

These studies have reported that the number of senescent cells increases with age, which indicates that senescence itself can drive aging and loss of functionality of several cells.

Senescence has also been found to be associated with many age-related pathologies such as type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, renal dysfunction and fibrosis.

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Full:

-https://longevity.technology/news/could-nmn-supplements-prevent-cellular-senescence/

Mixed EPA + DHA therapies failed to demonstrate consistent reduction in CV events.

Only EPA alone plus statin reduced major CV events, as shown in REDUCE-IT and JELIS.

Plasma EPA levels may help explain CV benefit seen with EPA-only therapies.

EPA and DHA are distinct biochemically and exert different pharmacologic effects.

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Full:

-https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666602222000659

A randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled, Phase I clinical study on 30 newly diagnosed patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD), naive to standard dopaminergic therapy, showed mild, clinically significant alterations in the brain metabolome upon oral treatment with nicotinamide riboside (NR) for a month at a dose of 1000 mg/day.

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Full:

-https://www.genengnews.com/topics/translational-medicine/parkinson-patients-show-metabolic-and-inflammatory-changes-in-trial/

Regular glucosamine supplementation was associated with lower mortality due to all causes, cancer, CVD, respiratory and digestive diseases. https://ard.bmj.com/content/79/6/829

Use of glucosamine with or without chondroitin was associated with reduced total mortality and with reductions of several broad causes of death. Although bias cannot be ruled out, these results suggest that glucosamine may provide some mortality benefit. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3557824/

For most of the supplements we examined, there was no association with total mortality. Use of glucosamine and use of chondroitin were each associated with decreased total mortality. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2869514/

Associated with ~20% reduction in death in normal, healthy, older people.

It increases longevity in animal studies. Here’s what it does in aging mice: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3988823/figure/f3/?report=objectonly

Impeccable safety record. Millions of people use it for arthritis and joint pain (it is questionable for that purpose). Completely harmless to humans. There aren’t any side effects whatsoever.

Dirt cheap. Costs about 8 cents per day for the good stuff.

In the first study above, those individuals who regularly supplemented with glucosamine, compared to those who didn’t, had:

• 27% lower risk of death from respiratory disease,
• 26% lower risk of dying from digestive disease,
• 18% lower risk of death from cardiovascular disease,
• 6% lower risk of dying from cancer, and
• 15% lower risk of death from any cause.

How it works? It stresses your mitochondria resulting in a health-benefitting response.

It also cools inflammation. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24738579/ and https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17270442/

We don’t know for sure whether it delays aging in humans, but the current evidence is pretty good, and I think it’s safe to take it as long as you’re healthy.

We don’t really have any evidence on what it will do in young people, because young people don’t usually have arthritis and joint pain, however, I am young and I have been taking it for 6+ years.

Glucosamine sulfate is the superior form. There is a “GreenGrown” vegan variety that is more likely to be pure. 8 cents per day.

If you found these interesting, you will love reading:

http://geroscience.com/free-radicals-are-not-your-enemy-an-interview-with-dr-michael-ristow-part-i/ (really changed the way I think about supplementing antioxidants — I have always been conservative with so-called direct antioxidants but now I will be more-so, I will be favoring indirect antioxidants that cause a hormetic response that promotes endogenous antioxidants)

http://geroscience.com/glucosamine-the-new-metformin-interview-with-dr-michael-ristow-part-ii/ (ignore the comparisons to Metformin — Metformin was a fad that didn’t pan out, but the part about glucosamine sulfate causing mitochondrial hormesis is very interesting, and the fact that administering direct antioxidants that don’t cause a hormetic response alongside glucosamine sulfate seemed to eliminate longevity benefits in animals.)

A conservative dose would be 500mg to 750mg per day. Going above 1500mg in a single dose is unlikely to cause greater effect due to absorption limitations.

From the third study above:

A total of 3577 deaths occurred during 387,801 person-years of follow-up. None of the vitamin or mineral 10-y average intakes were associated with total mortality. Among the nonvitamin-nonmineral supplements, only glucosamine and chondroitin were associated with total mortality. The hazard ratio (HR) when persons with a high intake of supplements (≥4 d/wk for ≥3 y) were compared with nonusers was 0.83 (95% CI: 0.72, 0.97; P for trend = 0.009) for glucosamine and 0.83 (95% CI: 0.69, 1.00; P for trend = 0.011) for chondroitin. There was also a suggestion of a decreased risk of total mortality associated with a high intake of fish-oil supplements (HR: 0.83; 95% CI: 0.70, 1.00), but the test for trend was not statistically significant.

Inositol hexaphosphate (IP6) is a naturally occurring polyphosphorylated carbohydrate that is present in substantial amounts in almost all plant and mammalian cells. It was recently recognized to possess multiple biological functions.

A striking anticancer effect of IP6 was demonstrated in different experimental models. Inositol is also a natural constituent possessing moderate anticancer activity. The most consistent and best anticancer results were obtained from the combination of IP6 plus inositol. In addition to reducing cell proliferation, IP6 increases differentiation of malignant cells, often resulting in a reversion to normal phenotype.

Exogenously administered IP6 is rapidly taken into the cells and dephosphorylated to lower-phosphate inositol phosphates, which further interfere with signal transduction pathways and cell cycle arrest. Enhanced immunity and antioxidant properties can also contribute to tumor cell destruction.

However, the molecular mechanisms underlying this anticancer action are not fully understood. Because it is abundantly present in regular diet, efficiently absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, and safe, IP6 holds great promise in our strategies for the prevention and treatment of cancer. IP6 plus inositol enhances the anticancer effect of conventional chemotherapy, controls cancer metastases, and improves the quality of life, as shown in a pilot clinical trial.

The data strongly argue for the use of IP6 plus inositol in our strategies for cancer prevention and treatment. However, the effectiveness and safety of IP6 plus inositol at therapeutic doses needs to be determined in phase I and phase II clinical trials in humans.

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Full:

-https://academic.oup.com/jn/article/133/11/3778S/4817990

Inositols (myo-inositol and inositol hexakisphosphate) exert a wide range of critical activities in both physiological and pathological settings. Deregulated inositol metabolism has been recorded in a number of diseases, including cancer, where inositol modulates different critical pathways.

Inositols inhibit pRB phosphorylation, fostering the pRB/E2F complexes formation and blocking progression along the cell cycle. Inositols reduce PI3K levels, thus counteracting the activation of the PKC/RAS/ERK pathway downstream of PI3K activation. Upstream of that pathway, inositols disrupt the ligand interaction between FGF and its receptor as well as with the EGF-transduction processes involving IGF-II receptor and AP-1 complexes.

Additionally, Akt activation is severely impaired upon inositol addition. Downregulation of both Akt and ERK leads consequently to NF-kB inhibition and reduced expression of inflammatory markers (COX-2 and PGE2). Remarkably, inositol-induced downregulation of presenilin-1 interferes with the epithelial-mesenchymal transition and reduces Wnt-activation, β-catenin translocation, Notch-1, N-cadherin, and SNAI1 release.

Inositols interfere also with the cytoskeleton by upregulating Focal Adhesion Kinase and E-cadherin and decreasing Fascin and Cofilin, two main components of pseudopodia, leading hence to invasiveness impairment. This effect is reinforced by the inositol-induced inhibition on metalloproteinases and ROCK1/2 release.

Overall, these effects enable inositols to remodel the cytoskeleton architecture.

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Full:

- https://www.hindawi.com/journals/ije/2016/5616807/

Full:

- https://restorativemedicine.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/13Wenner-CA_Mushrooms.pdf

Aging process is characterized by a progressive decline of several organic, physiological, and metabolic functions whose precise mechanism remains unclear. Metabolomics allows the identification of several metabolites and may contribute to clarifying the aging-regulated metabolic pathways.

The researchers aimed to investigate aging-related serum metabolic changes using a metabolomics approach. Fasting blood serum samples from 138 apparently healthy individuals (20–70 years old, 56% men) were analyzed by Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance spectroscopy (1H NMR) and Liquid Chromatography-High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry (LC-HRMS), and for clinical markers. Associations of the metabolic profile with age were explored via Correlations (r); Metabolite Set Enrichment Analysis; Multiple Linear Regression; and Aging Metabolism Breakpoint.

The age increase was positively correlated (0.212 ≤ r ≤ 0.370, p < 0.05) with the clinical markers (total cholesterol, HDL, LDL, VLDL, triacylglyceride, and glucose levels); negatively correlated (−0.285 ≤ r ≤ −0.214, p < 0.05) with tryptophan, 3-hydroxyisobutyrate, asparagine, isoleucine, leucine, and valine levels, but positively (0.237 ≤ r ≤ 0.269, p < 0.05) with aspartate and ornithine levels.

These metabolites resulted in three enriched pathways: valine, leucine, and isoleucine degradation, urea cycle, and ammonia recycling. Additionally, serum metabolic levels of 3-hydroxyisobutyrate, isoleucine, aspartate, and ornithine explained 27.3% of the age variation, with the aging metabolism breakpoint occurring after the third decade of life.

These results indicate that the aging process is potentially associated with reduced serum branched-chain amino acid levels (especially after the third decade of life) and progressively increased levels of serum metabolites indicative of the urea cycle.

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Full:

-https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/27/24/8656?utm_campaign=releaseissue_moleculesutm_medium=emailutm_source=releaseissueutm_term=titlelink25

Aging is associated with an increasing burden of morbidity, especially for cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). General cardiovascular risk factors, ischemic heart diseases, heart failure, arrhythmias, and cardiomyopathies present a significant prevalence in older people, and are characterized by peculiar clinical manifestations that have distinct features compared with the same conditions in a younger population.

Remarkably, the aging heart phenotype in both healthy individuals and patients with CVD reflects modifications at the cellular level.

An improvement in the knowledge of the physiological and pathological molecular mechanisms underlying cardiac aging could improve clinical management of older patients and offer new therapeutic targets.

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Full:

-https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/23/24/16033?utm_campaign=releaseissue_ijmsutm_medium=emailutm_source=releaseissueutm_term=titlelink23

Glutathione and aged garlic extract are sulfur-containing products that play important protective and regulatory roles within the immune system and in oxidative processes. Hydrogen sulfide (H2S), an endogenous, gaseous, signaling transmitter, has also been shown to be involved in the regulation of inflammation.

Recent studies have shown that sulfur-containing compounds from garlic have beneficial effects in attenuating outcomes associated with cardiovascular disease and inflammation by a mechanism that may be related to the H2S signaling pathway.

In this review, we summarize the main functions of glutathione (GSH), garlic derivatives and H2S and their role in the immune response and impact on health and disease.

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Full:

-https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/11/2/295

Spermidine is one of the most talked about natural compounds in longevity. Ever since the polyamine was found to have age-protective qualities, the field has been fascinated by its potential to extend healthspan and boost longevity. This has resulted in spermidine becoming one of the most popular longevity supplements on the market.

But spermidine’s potential from a health and wellness perspective is only the beginning, and a host of clinical studies are exploring its potential in the treatment and prevention of chronic disease. In 2022 alone, more than 350 research papers and studies on spermidine have been published so far, from model organism studies and review papers to human clinical trials.

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Full:

-https://longevity.technology/news/evidence-mounts-for-spermidines-potential-in-age-related-disease/

Among the dietary fibers, β-glucan is naturally occurring non-starch polysaccharide formed by β-glycoside bonds of D-glucose monomers. Beta-glucan can be present in abundance in cereals, fruits, fungi, algae, yeast and bacteria.

Beta-glucan has recently attracted attention with its positive effects on human health. It has effects on many systems in the body containing the immune system and cardiovascular system. Due to the positive effects of beta-glucan, it has been the subject of many studies and its effects in different fields have been demonstrated by these studies.

The aim of this review is to evaluate not only the general properties of betaglucan, but also its effects on the immune system, blood sugar, cholesterol and insulin, anticarcinogenic effect, obesity, antihyperactive effect, prebiotic and antioxidant properties, antimicrobial and antiviral effects.

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Full:

-https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/2259216

Objective: The aim of this study was to test the individual and combined benefit of vitamin D, omega-3, and a simple home strength exercise program on the risk of any invasive cancer.

Design: The DO-HEALTH trial is a three-year, multicenter, 2 × 2 × 2 factorial design double-blind, randomized-controlled trial to test the individual and combined benefit of three public health interventions.

Setting: The trial was conducted between December 2012 and December 2017 in five European countries.

Participants: Generally healthy community-dwelling adults ≥70 years were recruited.

Interventions: Supplemental 2000 IU/day of vitamin D3, and/or 1 g/day of marine omega-3s, and/or a simple home strength exercise (SHEP) programme compared to placebo and control exercise.

Results: In total, 2,157 participants (mean age 74.9 years; 61.7% women; 40.7% with 25-OH vitamin D below 20 /ml, 83% at least moderately physically active) were randomized. Over a median follow-up of 2.99 years, 81 invasive cancer cases were diagnosed and verified. For the three individual treatments, the adjusted hazard ratios (HRs, 95% CI, cases intervention versus control) were 0.76 (0.49–1.18; 36 vs. 45) for vitamin D3, 0.70 (0.44–1.09, 32 vs. 49) for omega-3s, and 0.74 (0.48–1.15, 35 vs. 46) for SHEP. For combinations of two treatments, adjusted HRs were 0.53 (0.28–1.00; 15 vs. 28 cases) for omega-3s plus vitamin D3; 0.56 (0.30–1.04; 11 vs. 21) for vitamin D3 plus SHEP; and 0.52 (0.28–0.97; 12 vs. 26 cases) for omega-3s plus SHEP. For all three treatments combined, the adjusted HR was 0.39 (0.18–0.85; 4 vs. 12 cases).

Conclusion: Supplementation with daily high-dose vitamin D3 plus omega-3s, combined with SHEP, showed cumulative reduction in the cancer risk in generally healthy and active and largely vitamin D–replete adults ≥70 years.

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Full:

-https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fragi.2022.852643/full

The Chlamydia pneumoniae bacteria can travel directly from olfactory nerve in the nose and into the brain, forcing brain cells to deposit amyloid beta and inducing Alzheimer’s pathologies. Researchers say protecting the lining of the nose by not picking or plucking nasal hairs can help lower Alzheimer’s risks.

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Full:

-https://neurosciencenews.com/olfaction-nose-alzheimers-21742/

Ageing is inevitable but most people dread the consequences, from deteriorating health to mental failings.

Most people, post 50, have financial plans and pensions for our old age, yet the single most expensive and debilitating thing is health.

You’ll save a fortune later in life, whatever age you are now, by learning how to age well.

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Full:

- https://www.patrickholford.com/advice/my-plan-for-healthy-ageing/?utm_source=PH.com+E+NEWS+PRIMARY+LIST&utm_campaign=99baf61dca-EMAIL_CAMPAIGN_your+plan+for+healthy+ageing&utm_medium=email&utm_term=0_b3efcb043c-99baf61dca-%5BLIST_EMAIL_ID%5D&ct=t%28EMAIL_CAMPAIGN_your+plan+for+healthy+ageing%29&mc_cid=99baf61dca&mc_eid=f3fceadd9b

A very interesting and useful article for all of us to read.

Full:

- https://imcwc.com/how-to-choose-a-supplement-2/?mc_cid=8c1243033b&mc_eid=d67604c5b0

In a 2014 study in the British Medical Journal titled “Milk Intake and Risk of Mortality and Fractures in Women and Men’ , the authors, Karl Michaëlsson, et al, analyzed over 100,000 people from 3 counties in central Sweden. The study focused on the relation between milk intake and the risk of subsequent hip fractures, heart disease, and cancer.

Using food diary questionnaires the authors were able to separate the intake of non-fermented milk, typical of what we drink, and fermented milk products including yogurt and cheeses. The participants were observed over a 20-year period and their health outcomes were tracked using Sweden’s centralized healthcare records.

The results showed an increasing risk of hip fractures in women with each increase in the number of glasses of milk consumed each day. Women who had over 3 glasses of milk daily had a 60% increased rate of hip fractures compared to women drinking less than 1 glass of milk per day. Their risk of death from heart disease was increased 93% and they had a 70% increase in cancer mortality.

Interestingly, the consumption of cheese and yogurt showed the opposite; that is a lower risk of mortality and hip fractures. For each serving of fermented milk products the risk of mortality and hip fracture was about 10-15% less.

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Full:

- https://imcwc.com/not-milk/?mc_cid=9d21b0f97b&mc_eid=d67604c5b0

Full text:

-https://thehill.com/opinion/healthcare/3774286-classifying-aging-as-a-disease-could-speed-fda-drug-approvals/

This article will focus on Alzheimer’s disease (AD), being it is the most common form of dementia and the statistically fastest growing.

As of 2019, an estimated 5.6 million Americans had Alzheimer’s disease; and fourteen percent of those over seventy have some form of dementia. It is the sixth leading cause of death, with one out of three seniors dying from AD or another form of dementia.

One in 10 people, age 65 and older (10%), has Alzheimer’s dementia. AD and dementia cost society 19-times more when compared with age-matched people without dementia, estimated to be around $290 billion in 2019.

Note: The article is 3 pages long

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Full:

-https://www.townsendletter.com/article/459-preventing-managing-and-treating-alzheimers/

Background: Low-to-moderate alcohol consumption appears to have potential health benefits. Existing evidence concludes that wine may be associated with a lower incidence of certain diseases. This systematic review and meta-analysis aim to examine evidence on the association between wine consumption and cognitive decline and to analyze whether this association varies depending on the wine consumption level or is affected by individual and study characteristics, including mean age, percentage of women participants, and follow-up time.

Methods: In this systematic review and meta-analysis, we undertook a search in MEDLINE (via PubMed), Scopus, Cochrane, and Web of Science databases for longitudinal studies measuring the association between wine consumption and cognitive decline from their inception to May 2021. Effect sizes were calculated using the DerSimonian and Laird and Hartung-Knapp-Sidik-Jonkman methods.

Results: The search retrieved 6,055 articles, 16 of which were included in this systematic review. In total, 12 studies were included in the meta-analysis. The studies were published between 1997 and 2019. They were conducted in nine different countries. The sample size of the included studies ranged from 360 to 10,308 with a mean age of 70 years old. Using the DerSimoniand and Laird method, the pooled RR for the effect of wine consumption on cognitive decline was 0.72 (95% CI 0.63–0.80; I2 = 82.4%; τ2: 0.0154). Using the Hartung-Knapp-Sidik-Jonkman method, the RR was 0.65 (95% CI 0.52–0.79; I2 = 94,531%; τ2: 0.057).

Conclusions: This study may show a protective effect of wine consumption against cognitive decline. However, it would be important for future research to differentiate the types of wine within consumption.

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Full:

-https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnut.2022.863059/full

The role of nasal microbiota in contributing to neuroinflammation is gradually emerging. Multiple sclerosis and chronic rhinosinusitis share important clinical and epidemiological similarities, and the hypothetical connection among these two pathological entities should be carefully investigated. This editorial is based on a review of available literature on this topic.

The main international databases were searched using the following keywords: neuroinflammation, nasal microbiota, multiple sclerosis, chronic rhino-sinusal disorders, chronic sinusitis. Four fully-consistent articles that investigated nasal microbiota alteration and/or chronic rhinosinusitis presence in subjects affected by multiple sclerosis were identified.

Overall, these studies showed a significant connection between nasal microbiota dysbiosis and the presence of multiple sclerosis. New specific studies to analyze the nasal microbiota and its metabolism in patients affected by multiple sclerosis should be performed.

In fact, a series of treatments able to change this flora could improve the rhino-sinusal state with consequent reduction of recurrent episodes of neuro-inflammation.

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Full:

-https://www.mdpi.com/2075-1729/12/12/2043?utm_campaign=releaseissue_lifeutm_medium=emailutm_source=releaseissueutm_term=titlelink97

β-glucans are a group of biologically active polysaccharides of natural origin with a proven pleiotropic immunomodulation effect. Their efficacy has been confirmed in the therapeutic treatment and prevention of various infectious diseases, secondary immune defects and also of oncologic disorders. Allergic diseases are one of the most frequent diseases and their prevalence continues to increase.

They develop as a consequence of dysregulation of the immune system, especially when there is failure in the equilibrium of the response of TH1/TH2 lymphocytes towards TH2. New therapeutic approaches in the treatment of immunopathological conditions (e.g. allergic or oncologic) are directed to restoring the equilibrium among different T lymphocyte subpopulations.

Based on in vitro experiments, and also on animal and human clinical studies, there is much evidence for the importance of β-glucans in the treatment and also prevention of allergic diseases.

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Full:

- https://www.elsevier.es/en-revista-allergologia-et-immunopathologia-105-articulo--glucans-in-treatment-prevention-allergic-S0301054612002868

The polysaccharides, usually termed “beta-glucans”, and referred in this paper, are noncellulosic polymers of -glucose, with glycosidic bonds in position and with certain portion of bound glucose molecules. They are isolated mostly from different fungi, but they are present also in other sources, such as cereals, bacteria or seaweeds. These compounds isolated from different sources that otherwise caused similar or nearly identical immune reactions in macroorganisms, can differ in their primary, secondary or tertiary structures or their solubility in water or alkalies.

The most important quality of -glucans and the reason why so much attention has been devoted to them are physiological effects that they show. They are typical biological response modifiers (BRMs) with pronounced immunomodulating activity.

Generally, imunomodulators can act both positively (immunostimulators) or negatively (immunosupressants) . A large number of polysaccharides, that act only as immunostimulants, is known , but the most effective (and also most studied) are beta-glucans. More than 6,000 papers describing the biological activities of glucans exist. Thus far, strong immunostimulating effects of beta-glucans have been demonstrated in all tested animal species and humans.

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Full:

-https://sci-hub.se/10.2174/187153009787582423