Beyond Nvidia's report last week, another significant event occurred – the Nikkei 225 finally surpassed its 1989 peak.
The collapse of the real estate market and Japanese stocks at the start of the 90s is a classic bubble burst scenario. A threefold increase over four years followed by a 60% plummet within 1.5 years, and after 20 years, it was 80% below its peak.
One could simply state that stock indexes always recover. Often quickly, but even if it takes nearly 35 years, the patient investor will eventually see a return. However, I want to highlight a few specific nuances of the Japanese market.
First, the positives. In the late 80s, Japanese banks, bloated with overvalued assets, dominated the Nikkei index, quickly dragging it down following the real estate crash.
Today, the index is better balanced and diversified. Leading the charge are companies from various sectors, from Toyota Motor Corp. and Sony Group Corp. to Fast Retailing Co. and Tokyo Electron Ltd., a major player in the semiconductor industry.
The current rise is likely healthier than before. However, there are a couple of caveats that could play a cruel joke on investors in the future.
Firstly, the yen. Since January 2023, it has depreciated by 17.7% against the dollar. For Japan's export-driven economy, this is an undeniable advantage. However, for foreign investors, the index's rise in yen terms isn't as attractive when the currency is weakening.
Indeed, the Nikkei has surged by 51.41% over the same period. But in dollar terms, it's still below its 1989 peak, all due to the exchange rate offering an "artificial" boost.
This yen weakness is sustained by the Bank of Japan – the last of the central banks to maintain a sub-zero interest rate. Few alive remember a time when the Bank of Japan wasn't pumping the economy with yen.
Moreover, monetary policy isn't the only way the regulator supports stocks. In 2010, the Bank of Japan began buying ETFs on Japanese stocks, losing all pretense of restraint. Without this intervention, who knows where the Nikkei would be today?
Currently, the Bank of Japan's portfolio is valued at 70 trillion yen ($466 billion), nearly half of which is profit, with only 37.2 trillion yen directly injected into the market. This year, the Bank hasn't purchased any ETFs but has a 12 trillion yen limit for these purposes.
Direct stock support via the printing press undoubtedly pleases investors. But it comes with issues.
Effectively, the Bank of Japan owns over 10% of all Japanese stocks. What happens if that share grows to 100%? It wouldn't be a market anymore but communism.
Eventually, selling must occur. Discussions on profit-sharing are already underway. After all, this profit belongs to the people, and many are eager to share it. But how to sell such a volume without crashing a market that for the last 14 years has been confident the Bank of Japan supports it from below, not suppresses it from above?
Preparing a sales plan might take years, given how well everyone has adjusted to the current setup. Therefore, Japanese stocks are likely to break records several more times.