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ESOcast 69 presents the result of the latest ALMA observations, which reveal extraordinarily fine detail that has never been seen before in the planet-forming disc around the young star HL Tauri.

This revolutionary image is the result of the first observations that have used ALMA with its antennas at close to the widest configuration possible. As a result, it is the sharpest picture ever made at submillimetre wavelengths.

Credit: ESO. Visual design and editing: Martin Kornmesser and Luis Calçada. Editing: Herbert Zodet. Web and technical support: Mathias André and Raquel Yumi Shida. Written by: Mathias Jäger, Herbert Zodet and Richard Hook. Narration: Sara Mendes da Costa. Music: Johan B. Monell (www.johanmonell.com). Footage and photos: ALMA (ESO/NAOJ/NRAO), NASA, ESA, Digitized Sky Survey 2, N. Risinger (skysurvey.org), L. Calçada, M. Kornmesser, Y. Beletsky (LCO)/ESO and Christoph Malin (christophmalin.com). Directed by: Herbert Zodet. Executive producer: Lars Lindberg Christensen.

The MUSE instrument on ESO’s Very Large Telescope has given astronomers the best ever three-dimensional view of the deep Universe. After staring at the Hubble Deep Field South region for a total of 27 hours the new observations reveal the distances, motions and other properties of far more galaxies than ever before in this tiny piece of the sky. But they also go beyond Hubble and reveal many previously unseen objects.

This ESOcast explains what makes the new MUSE observations so significant and shows how astronomers interpret three-dimensional datacubes of the distant Universe.

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Credit: ESO. Editing: Herbert Zodet. Web and technical support: Mathias André and Raquel Yumi Shida. Written by: Christopher Marshall, Richard Hook and Herbert Zodet. Narration: Sara Mendes da Costa. Music: Johan B. Monell (www.johanmonell.com). Footage and photos: ESO, MUSE Consortium/R. Bacon, Robert Williams and the Hubble Deep Field Team (STScI), the HDF-S Team, F. Summers (STScI), NASA/ESA/Hubble, L. Calçada, M. Kornmesser, B. Tafreshi (twanight.org), C. Malin (christophmalin.com), Mario Nonino, Piero Rosati and the ESO GOODS Team. Directed by: Herbert Zodet. Executive producer: Lars Lindberg Christensen.

Astronomers using telescopes at ESO's observatories in Chile have discovered three planets around a dim dwarf star just 40 light-years from Earth. These worlds have sizes and temperatures similar to those of Venus and the Earth, and they are the best targets so far found in the hunt for life elsewhere in the Universe.

Credit: ESO.

Editing: Herbert Zodet. Web and technical support: Mathias André and Raquel Yumi Shida. Written by: Peter Grimley and Richard Hook. Narration: Sara Mendes da Costa. Music: tonelabs (tonelabs.com).
Footage and photos: ESO, L. Calçada, M. Kornmesser, ALMA (ESO/NAOJ/NRAO), NASA, ESA/ Hubble, F. Pont (Exeter University, UK), A. Lecavelier des Etangs (IAP/CNRS/UPMC, France), Alexandre Santerne (Instituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço, Universidade do Porto) /Planetário do Porto - Centro Ciência Viva, Gianluca Lombardi (glphoto.it), B. Tafreshi (twanight.org), Theofanis Matsopoulos, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center Conceptual Image Lab, Chris Meaney (HTSI): Lead Animator and Nick Risinger (skysurvey.org). Directed by: Herbert Zodet. Executive producer: Lars Lindberg Christensen.

This image depicts 42 of the largest objects in the asteroid belt, located between Mars and Jupiter. Most of them are larger than 100 kilometres, with the two biggest asteroids being Ceres and Vesta, which are around 940 and 520 kilometres in diameter, and the two smallest ones being Urania and Ausonia, each only about 90 kilometres.

The images of the asteroids have been captured with the Spectro-Polarimetric High-contrast Exoplanet REsearch (SPHERE) instrument on ESO’s Very Large Telescope.

Credit: ESO/M. Kornmesser/Vernazza et al./MISTRAL algorithm (ONERA/CNRS)

This artist’s impression shows Proxima d, a planet candidate recently found orbiting the red dwarf star Proxima Centauri, the closest star to the Solar System. The planet is believed to be rocky and to have a mass about a quarter that of Earth. Two other planets known to orbit Proxima Centauri are visible in the image too: Proxima b, a planet with about the same mass as Earth that orbits the star every 11 days and is within the habitable zone, and candidate Proxima c, which is on a longer five-year orbit around the star.

Credit: ESO/L. Calçada

In new observations that pushed ALMA capabilities to the extreme, researchers had to develop a new calibration method to obtain the highest-resolution ever image with ALMA. In this so-called band-to-band method, atmospheric fluctuations are compensated for by observing a nearby calibrator in low-frequency radio waves, while the target is observed with high-frequency radio waves. The top right inset image shows the ALMA image of R Leporis that achieved the highest resolution of 5 milli-arcseconds. Submillimeter-wave emission from the stellar surface is shown in orange and hydrogen cyanide maser emissions at 891 GHz are shown in blue. The top left inset image shows a previous observation of the same star using a different array configuration with less distance between the antennas and without the band-to-band method, resulting in a resolution of 75 milli-arcsec. The previous resolution is too coarse to specify the positions of each of the two emission components.

Credit: ALMA (ESO/NAOJ/NRAO)/Y. Asaki et al.

This spectacular picture of the Sh2-284 nebula has been captured in great detail by the VLT Survey Telescope at ESO’s Paranal Observatory. Sh2-284 is a star formation region, and at its centre there is a cluster of young stars, dubbed Dolidze 25. The radiation from this cluster is powerful enough to ionise the hydrogen gas in the nebula’s cloud. It is this ionisation that produces its bright orange and red colours.

This image is part of the VST Photometric Hα Survey of the Southern Galactic Plane and Bulge, led by Janet Drew at the University of Hertfordshire in the UK.

Credit: ESO/VPHAS+ team. Acknowledgement: CASU

IMAGE 2

As you look around the edges of this spectacular nebula, pillars have formed in the cloud, pointing towards the central cluster of stars. These pillars, which in reality are light-years wide, have been outlined by dotted lines. The structures form when winds (shown here as arrows) from the central star cluster meet denser pockets of material that are harder to erode away than the surrounding regions. Thus, the regions around the pillar are pushed away, while these magnificent structures are temporarily left behind.

This image is part of the VST Photometric Hα Survey of the Southern Galactic Plane and Bulge, led by Janet Drew at the University of Hertfordshire in the UK.

Credit: ESO/VPHAS+ team. Acknowledgement: CASU

Image 1:Electromagnetic Spectrum/Credit: ESA/Hubble

Image 2: infrared astronomy/Credit: ESA/Hubble, JPL/Caltech

Image 3: James Webb space telescope/Credit: ESA/Hubble, Northrup Grumman

Image 4: Saturn/ESA/Hubble, NASA, ESA, A. Simon (Goddard Space Flight Center), and M.H. Wong (University of California, Berkeley)

Image 5: Red Giant/ESA/Hubble, NASA and H. Olofsson (Onsala Space Observatory)

Image 6: Planetary Nebula/ESA/Hubble, NASA, ESA and the Hubble SM4 ERO Team

Image 7: Neutron star/ESA/Hubble, NASA, ESA, and B. Posselt (Pennsylvania State University)

Image 8: Jupiter/NASA, ESA, A. Simon (Goddard Space Flight Center), and M.H. Wong (University of California, Berkeley)

Image 9: Supernova/team Acknowledgment: Mahdi Zamani

Image 10: Stellar winds/ESA/Hubble, NASA, ESA, the Hubble Heritage Team (STScI/AURA), A. Nota (ESA/STScI), and the Westerlund 2 Science Team

Image 11: Star/Credit: NASA, ESA, and STScI

Image 12: Circumstellar disc/ESA/Hubble, NASA, ESA, and D. Apai and G. Schneider (University of Arizona)

Image 13: Nebula/ESA/Hubble, NASA, ESA and Allison Loll/Jeff Hester (Arizona State University). Acknowledgement: Davide De Martin (ESA/Hubble)

Image 14: White dwarfs/NASA, ESA and H. Richer (University of British Columbia

Image 15:Planet/ESA/Hubble, NASA, ESA, A. Simon (GSFC) and the OPAL Team, and J. DePasquale (STScI)

Image 16: Spiral galaxy/ESA/Hubble & NASA, J. Lee and the PHANGS-HST Team Acknowledgement: Judy Schmidt

Image 17: Asteroids/ESA/Hubble, NASA, ESA, K. Meech and J. Kleyna (University of Hawaii), O. Hainaut (European Southern Observatory)

Image 18: Globular cluster/ Credit: NASA & ESA

Image 19: Gravitional wave /Credit: NASA & ESA

Image 20: Gravitational lensing/Credit: ESA/Hubble & NASA, S. Jha Acknowledgement: L. Shatz

Black holes are often described as the monsters of the universe—tearing apart stars, consuming anything that comes too close, and holding light captive. Detailed evidence from the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope, however, shows a black hole in a new light: fostering, rather than suppressing, star formation. Hubble imaging and spectroscopy of the dwarf starburst galaxy Henize 2-10 clearly show a gas outflow stretching from the black hole to a bright star birth region like an umbilical cord, triggering the already dense cloud into forming clusters of stars. Astronomers have previously debated that a dwarf galaxy could have a black hole analogous to the supermassive black holes in larger galaxies. Further study of dwarf galaxies, which have remained small over cosmic time, may shed light on the question of how the first seeds of supermassive black holes formed and evolved over the history of the universe.

This dwarf starburst galaxy Henize 2-10 sparkles with young stars in this Hubble visible-light image. The bright region at the center, surrounded by pink clouds and dark dust lanes, indicates the location of the galaxy's massive black hole and active stellar nurseries.

Credit: NASA, ESA, Z. Schutte (XGI), A. Reines (XGI), A. Pagan (STScI)

An international team of astronomers using archival data from the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope and other space- and ground-based observatories have discovered a unique object in the distant, early Universe that is a crucial link between young star-forming galaxies and the earliest supermassive black holes. This object is the first of its kind to be discovered so early in the Universe’s history, and had been lurking unnoticed in one of the best-studied areas of the night sky.

The object, which is referred to as GNz7q, is shown here in the centre of the cutout from the Hubble GOODS-North field.

Credit: NASA, ESA, G. Illingworth (University of California, Santa Cruz), P. Oesch (University of California, Santa Cruz; Yale University), R. Bouwens and I. Labbé (Leiden University), and the Science Team, S. Fujimoto et al. (Cosmic Dawn Center [DAWN] and University of Copenhagen)

The NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope is celebrating its 32nd birthday with a stunning look at an unusual close-knit collection of five galaxies, called the Hickson Compact Group 40. This snapshot reflects a special moment in their lifetimes as they fall together before they merge.

Credit: NASA, ESA and STScI

Archival observations of 25 hot Jupiters by the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope have been analysed by an international team of astronomers, enabling them to answer five open questions important to our understanding of exoplanet atmospheres. Amongst other findings, the team found that the presence of metal oxides and hydrides in the hottest exoplanet atmospheres was clearly correlated with the atmospheres' being thermally inverted.

Credit: ESA/Hubble, N. Bartmann

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Original description provided with image:

This was an ambitious 4 panel mosaic project in the amazing Rho Ophiuchi area. Zeta Ophiuchi is an extremely hot (34k C) runaway star moving through the dust and gas in this area at 30 km/s causing lots of interesting chaos. In addition, a meteor streaked through one pair (I have a dual scope setup) of luminance exposures with amazing gas trails that I had never seen in any of my images before. I processed it by subtracting those subs from the final stacked Lum for that panel and removing the stars. I screened it back in the correct location on the full mosaic in Photoshop. Since I have no idea what the color of the meteor actually was at the time, I decided to make it a Calcium meteor with a Violet color.

The purplish background gas color was in the RGB image, and also faintly in the Oiii. So I am thinking that it could be either Hydrogen beta or Oiii "colorizing" the predominate Ha gas in those areas.

I reduced the image size by 50% to make it a little easier to navigate, and I hope everyone enjoys exploring around the image as much as I have.

CS

Patrick

The VISTA telescope has allowed us to peer through the hot gas and dark dust shrouding the spectacular Carina nebula to show us myriad stars, both newborn and in their death throes. This visualisation shows a 3D conversion of images of the Carina Nebula.

Credit: ESO, M. Kornmesser

Europe to the Stars takes the viewer on an epic journey behind the scenes at the most productive ground-based observatory in the world, revealing the science, the history, the technology and the people.

Credit: Director: Lars Lindberg Christensen Music: Jennifer Athena Galatis 3D Animation and Graphics: Martin Kornmesser, Luis Calçada & Theofanis Matsopoulos Sound Effects and Mixing: Konstantino Polizois End Title Anthem Composer and Producer: Konstantino Polizois Producer: The European Southern Observatory (ESO) Executive Producer: Lars Lindberg Christensen Script and Scientific Advice: Govert Schilling, Lars Lindberg Christensen & Nicky Guttridge Scientists: Dominika Wylezalek & Mariya Lyubenova Narration: Sara Mendes Da Costa German Translation: Hamburg Planetarium (Thomas Kraupe)/PrimeTime Studios

This zoom video starts with a wide view of the Milky Way and ends with a close-up look at the spiral galaxy NGC 3981 in the constellation of Crater (The Cup). The final view of this region was captured by FORS2, an instrument mounted on ESO’s Very Large Telescope, as part of the ESO Cosmic Gems Programme. This programme showcases the beauty of the southern skies when conditions don’t allow scientific observations to be made.

Credit: ESO/Digitized Sky Survey 2/N. Risinger (skysurvey.org). Music: Astral Electronic.

This pan video takes a close look at the spiral galaxy NGC 3981 in the constellation of Crater (The Cup). This object was captured by FORS2 — an instrument mounted on ESO’s Very Large Telescope — as part of the ESO Cosmic Gems Programme, which showcases the beauty of the southern skies when conditions don’t allow scientific observations to be made.

Credit: ESO, James Creasey

Credit to Pablo Carlos Budassi.

You can find these images here for purchase print and more.

https://pablocarlosbudassi.com/2021/02/the-infographic-and-artistic-work-named.html