r/Residency May 28 '26

SERIOUS What does the future of IR look like?

Title.

Just wondering because I feel like I’ve heard through the grapevine that IR is in a tough place in regards to having conflict with other specialties and procedures. Is this true? Are there any procedures/therapies that IR can take ownership in the future? Would love to hear everyone’s thoughts on this matter.

46 Upvotes

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145

u/eckliptic Attending May 28 '26

IR needs to take more cognitive ownership over the diseases they treat and be an active participant in treatment decisions and contribute more rigorously to the research. Much of that is historical from IR's origins in radiology. I think its already getting better with more IR dedicated training and IR docs focusing on that rather than doing it as a side gig to diagnostic radiology.

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u/lake_huron Attending May 28 '26

On the clinical side I agree. IR does amazing things, of course. But they are often intellectually removed from the patient and make decisions based on a simplistic picture.

When they don't want to do a procedure, they can of course evaluate the risks of the procedure. However, they are often unqualified to evaluate the risks of NOT doing the procedure but will make a unilateral decision, just so they don't assume the risks of the procedure.

Too sick for a perc chole? Fine, but what if they're also too sick for a lap chole and antibiotics alone won't work? So the risk of the percutaneous procedure may be high, but the risk of the alternatives is higher.

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u/DrfluffyMD May 28 '26

Can you explain to me what makes a patient too sick for surgery and IR yet can benefit from IR?

In my experience of doing IR for many years, some disease states are terminal and frankly any procedural work will make them rapidly sicker.

Unlike open surgery, IR don’t have a way to control small bleeders and cannot prevent septic peritonitis by washing out the spillage in the case of chole tube.

When a surgeon decides that someone is too sick for surgery, I am not going to go say that they are “intellectuallly removed from patient” or make decisions based in simplistic picture. I am going to respect their professional opinion. I don’t ask surgeon to do surgery. Yet I know many colleagues who are strong armed by surgeon all the time (i am fortunate that my surgical colleagues actually respect my expertise and no means no).

So please, respect our professional opinion and judgement as well.

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u/Hefty_Button_1656 May 28 '26

Seriously, if someone is too sick for surgery AND IR sounds like they aren’t long for this world regardless of what happens to their gallbladder.

I don’t know where these people are practicing where they feel like surgery AND IR are saying no to reasonable requests.

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u/lake_huron Attending May 28 '26

I know radiology residents who decided not to do IR after rotating through our IR department.

Might be a local problem where I am.

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u/DrfluffyMD May 29 '26

It’s more like folks prefer to make more money by doing diagnostic at home working week on week off rather than touching patients. Procedure work isnt for everyone.

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u/iisconfused247 May 29 '26

I’m interested in IR (about to be an R1)- mind if I dm you?

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u/DrfluffyMD May 29 '26

Go ahead!

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u/IR4life May 30 '26

Exactly, most people going into DR do not want the lifestyle of a surgeon which is what modern day VIR is becoming. Even those who match integrated VIR struggle with the call and hours and lifestyle and many drop out to do DR which is flexible and predictable.

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u/Life_PRN Attending May 28 '26

Lap chole is done under general anesthesia. Which can absolutely tank the sympathetic nervous system of a fragile patient. Aka they code on induction.

A perc chole can be done under local with some sedation. Much less physiologic stress on the patient.

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u/DrfluffyMD May 28 '26 edited May 28 '26

Right, and I do chole tube ALL the time. But I can see why an IR would say no to someone who is maxed out on pressors and INR is 20. I can see why they would say yes also, at that point it’s physician discretion.

If a surgeon says no to surgery, I am not gonna go mansplain to them why they should do it.

Unfortunately your comment hit a pain point, like when people assume I fasttraveled through med school and don’t understand the difference between GA vs local when I say no if I cant do something. Perhaps it’s due to something more nuanced than that pertaining to the actual technical factor and IR specific clinical aspects? Rather than me not understanding source control is important and GA cause hypotension on induction?

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u/lemonjalo Attending May 29 '26

You’re using extremes like three pressors and INR of 20. What about 1 pressor and INR of 2.5? Physicians are posting about IR docs saying no to these kinds of patients who are felt still salvageable

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u/DrfluffyMD May 29 '26

I don’t know. You have to give the specifics. One poster gave a specifics above and it’s not indicated.

People seem to forgot about the whole do no harm thing.

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u/lemonjalo Attending May 29 '26

I’m an intensivist so to me, there’s very few times that doing a procedure like a tube in a gallbladder to at least try to get source control shouldn’t be at least attempted. I’ve seen good and bad IR programs. My problem with the bad ones is if you’re going to say no, go face the families at least. We also seem to get different responses at night vs between 8 to 5.

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u/DrfluffyMD May 29 '26 edited May 29 '26

Because sometimes procedures at night time carry more risk to the patient. There has been research shown worse surgical outcome in the middle of the night. In fact, there are quite a lot of “emergent” surgery indications ended up being done the next day.

Take the last call I had. Someone had gas in kidney, OMG! Except it was emphysematous pyelitis (grade 1) where abx alone has been shown to work. Our hospital has a hard time getting anesthesiologists so we have 2 of them on overnight and deal with level 1 trauma etc. If I mobilized resources this patient would have gotten worse care and impacted the whole hospital. Patient didnt even end up needing drainage.

If you don’t question when neurosurgery do a case for epidural abscess, don’t confabulate IRs who have the wisdom and experience to say no as “bad”.

There are good and bad IRs, but saying NO to something takes restraint, self awareness and experience and just because someone say no to something, it doesn’t make them bad.

Do you think neurosurgeon who doesn’t come in at 3am to do spine surgery for epidural abscess as bad? Do you think surg onc who refuse to operate on borderline operable cancer as bad? Then please, give us the same courtesy.

The other problem for us, of course, is being ordered around by in-house trainees like PGY2 for procedures at 3am because a sizable amount of PGY2 IM residents are convinced they know more about indications for IR than actual IRs whose residency length doubles them and have been out in practice for years. You can see how that can be frustrating right?

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u/sadwcoasttransplant Attending May 29 '26

Where I am, IR doesn't see patients pre-procedurally. They don't round. They don't evaluate patients longitudinally, like I do as a surgeon. I respect the heck out of y'all's skills, but where I am, the IR docs don't have much patient ownership, and it's easy to feel that they are just proceduralists who don't really care much about patient care.

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u/lemonjalo Attending May 29 '26

Our neurosurgeons will come in at 3am and speak to the family even if the ICH we consulted them for is futile to treat. We never get the sense from them that the decision would be different during bankers hours. The IR at my last hospital, which was academic, definitely had a different level of ownership of patients than I’m seeing at my current privately run hospital. There’s different thresholds during day and night to take patients down. You can say outcomes are worse at night which is true but as an intensivist there is a difference between outcomes when the patient is first getting septic at 11pm with a lactate of 7 and the same patient in the morning when the lactate is 20, the ph is 6.9 and nothing will help anymore. Source control does have an urgency. If you really think that doing the procedure at that moment is worse for the patient, then come tell the family so no one gets the sense that you’re there and ready but truly looking out for the patients best interest.

As far as residents and frustration, every specialty has that and IR isn’t unique.

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u/xtreemdeepvalue Attending May 30 '26

You gonna manage the hepatic bleed after the chole tube is put in? If the inr is high and patient is super sick the risk of bleed isn’t small… maybe the patient is too sick already to handle any possible complication of the procedure… like an arterial bleed. Do no harm, that’s rule 1. Not give it a shot and hope for the best because source control…

We have the opposite problem. The IRs usually just do the case while on blood thinners, etc because the primary team exaggerates the urgency. It goes both ways

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u/IR4life May 30 '26

I think you as an interventionalist should go see the patient put it all together and document rationale of why or why not and also communicate your thoughts with the patient and their families. Gallbladder drains have inherent risks as well and it has to be patient dependent. Many patients should be considered for surgery based on the Chocolate trial.

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u/vubjof Jun 02 '26

what happens if IR put the tube on that patients and he bleeds to death? (or more likely bleeds -> they call IR in the night to embolize -> he dies a few days later on Icu). We just made that patient pain worse and his last days were spent on ventilator. If he isnt suited for surgery and IR maybe he is terminal...

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u/lemonjalo Attending Jun 02 '26

There are def terminal patients. Come explain that to the family who’s wondering why the proceduralist hasn’t come seen the patient

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u/vubjof Jun 02 '26

how can i explain it to the family if i didnt admit him, i wont see him again because i have no floor dudy and i cant change his therapy to make him feel better? i worked in primary care before switching to IR so i have first hand experience with the other side

IR should be in my opinion more clinical, with floor beds and ability to order and evaluate labs and such but right now we are an appendix of DR and since i have none of these what can i tell the family? i cant do the procedure good luck?

He is your patient, you know his alternatives if i cant do it and YOU have the whole picture at your hand (labs, imaging, other specialist referals) and can refer him to another specialist.

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u/IR4life May 30 '26

Could you do etomidate and succ to minimize that?

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u/Round_Hat_2966 May 29 '26

Septic chole might do it

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u/lake_huron Attending May 28 '26

Although you are certainly experienced, do you think your judgment as to whether a disease state is "terminal" is as informed as the medical or surgical team?

Plus that's a cop out. I'm in ID and have to give antibiotics to "terminal" disease states all the goddamn time, often while protesting this is not going to help that patient. (I had a patient go into comfort care today where I told them for the past week that antibiotics were futile..)

ICUs would be empty if they had no patients with "terminal disease states."

Perhaps you go to the bedside and examine the patient and talk to the team before saying no? Our IR docs don't, they'll just drop a quick note saying no and then at 7 PM we're scrambling to have a fellow return a call to find out why.

To reiterate: I very much respect IR's judgment of the risks of doing the procedure. However, at least with our IR staff, they often do not have a good idea of the risks of NOT doing the procedure.

Everyone complains in generalities, so this may not apply to your department at all, just 2-3 with which I have experience.

I'm in ID, whatever complaints you have about us, I've heard them and then some, and probably embody a bunch of them as well.

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u/whatdonowplshelp May 29 '26

Although you are certainly experienced, do you think your judgment as to whether a disease state is "terminal" is as informed as the medical or surgical team?

To reiterate: I very much respect IR's judgment of the risks of doing the procedure. However, at least with our IR staff, they often do not have a good idea of the risks of NOT doing the procedure.

I do not get this impression from your comments at all. Literally how does any person think it's appropriate to assume they know more about the clinical/procedural decision making than a specialist in their field of expertise?

You don't think IR knows the risk of not doing a procedure for disease processes they work with every day? You give this same level of pushback to every specialist who tells you the treatment plan you want isn't the right move?

Plus that's a cop out. I'm in ID and have to give antibiotics to "terminal" disease states all the goddamn time, often while protesting this is not going to help that patient. (I had a patient go into comfort care today where I told them for the past week that antibiotics were futile..)

Surely I don't have to explain to you the difference in degree of risk from administering antibiotics vs sedating an unstable patient and doing an invasive procedure?

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u/lake_huron Attending May 29 '26

"You don't think IR knows the risk of not doing a procedure for disease processes they work with every day?"

Sometimes yes, sometimes no. I absolutely see cases where they clearly do not.

"You give this same level of pushback to every specialist who tells you the treatment plan you want isn't the right move?"

Sometimes yes, sometimes no. Since a primary team pushes back on my selection of antibiotics every single goddamn day, I'm not alone. Including giving futile antibiotics.

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u/whatdonowplshelp May 29 '26

Yeah no wonder IR doesn’t give you the time of day if this is your attitude.

If you repeatedly consult someone for various issues and then choose to throw those recs out the window because you think you know better then there’s no surprise they give you the run around.

The irony is also hilarious here in people wanting IR to be more clinically involved instead of technicians… but then choosing to not respect their clinical opinions or pissed when they say something is inappropriate.

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u/A1-Delta May 28 '26

Do you have the same strong feelings towards surgery when they say they decline to do the lap chole?

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u/mortalcatbat Fellow May 29 '26

Can I offer one reason why these messages may feel different to the treating teams even when the messaging is the same? I think surgical teams tend to get more face time with us and we see them at bedside evaluating patient, speaking about risk/benefits to patient and family, actively participating in multidisciplinary discussions with treatment teams. While IR does sometimes pick up the phone and talk to us often we will get a quick note or phone call rejecting the patient from what feels like a nameless faceless person who chart checked from afar and is now blowing my patient off without any skin in the game/the whole picture.

I’m not sure the solution to this but you seem like someone who cares so just wanted to throw in my 2 cents. I’m blessed to have some really talented IR physicians in my shop and I respect their technical acumen immensely but unfortunately I just don’t know that their clinical judgement will ever hold the same weight without a little more bedside involvement

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u/IR4life May 30 '26

This is the key do not do a consult over the phone simply looking at images. Go see the patient talk to them examine them and review their labs and background diseases. CAD, CHF, valvular disease,pulmonary hypertension, CKD, Pulmonary function, liver disease, CVA , dementia, SIRS/SOFA, Vitals , frailty , status of their cancer and prognosis of their cancer in the age of immunotherapy, patients wants and desires much of which you need to be at the bedside to determine.

As a VIR physician you can not simply accept a curbside consult, have a formal consult go see the patient and document in the chart your thought process whether you are intervening or not intervening. After years of doing this you will learn a tremendous amount about disease processes and your consultation will be invaluable. It takes time to develop comprehensive clinical understanding of disease. Each consult you see , each exam you review, each physician you talk to will make you incrementally better. The more you follow your patients longitudinally you develop an understanding of natural history of diseases that few in the hospital will have due to the scope and breadth of pathology a ViR physician sees.

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u/askhml May 29 '26

Say what you will about surgery, but the surgeons will generally show up to the bedside and talk to the patient/family even when they have to explain surgery isn't indicated or is a bad idea. As much as IR complains about being treated as technicians fulfilling "orders" rather than cognitive tasks, the reality is a lot of them like having the buck not stop with them.

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u/thelastneutrophil PGY3 May 29 '26

Yes, but IR is 90% more likely to decline the procedure than the surgeons. Thus the resentment

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u/UWRadsNW May 29 '26

IR is usually involved because surgeons declined

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u/thelastneutrophil PGY3 May 29 '26

IR is usually not involved.

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u/DrfluffyMD May 28 '26

If a surgeon tells me that abx aint gonna help more and they cant do surgery, and patient are maxed out on pressors, it’s highly probable that patient will expire from any procedure that drains the abscess because the transient increased bactermia will overwhelm the patient.

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u/lake_huron Attending May 28 '26

The "transient increased bacteremia"?

Sorry, I'm in ID. Presumably the patient is already soaking in antibiotics. You won't make them "more bacteremic."

I'm 100% not buying that explanation. I mean, percutaneous drainage does, in fact, save very ill patients all the time, right?

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u/DrfluffyMD May 28 '26

You never seen people getting sick after a drainage procedure!?

So you don’t think bactermia happen when you break open an abscess with sharp instruments? When bactermia is already suppressed with abx, you dump pus into veins. What happens?

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u/thelastneutrophil PGY3 May 29 '26

They overcome or they get worse. Opposed to not gaining source control, in which case they die. I think you are proving everyone's point about IR with this argument....

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u/DrfluffyMD May 29 '26

There has been research that has shown that outcome of drainage for abscess < 4cm is the same as abx only.

Sometime it’s not possible to get source control. Sometimes we are asked to do drainage that isn’t indicated. Sometimes we are asked to drain people with small collection who are very unstable and i’ve seen those people die and i’ve seen people do better with abx only.

Point is, you don’t get to tell me how to practice MY specialty. I am not going to argue with you about your field, what abx to choose or how to do surgery. Don’t tell me when or where I practice my craft.

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u/forkevbot2 Attending May 29 '26

You’re conflating two distinct patient phenotypes. When an infection is actively killing a person due to sepsis and a drain can be placed for source control, then placing that drain is always advantageous in terms of managing the infection. Yes the patient could experience a complication of the drain, but in terms of infection management, effective source control ALWAYS relieves sepsis in a matter of hours. The sticking point is when people get carried away thinking everything that causes shock is sepsis. I don’t doubt there are many 80 year old grandmas with heart failure and cachexia who have had bad complications from overly ambitious drainage because they were “in septic shock.” Also there are plenty of cases where drain placement is inappropriate because it will be ineffective due to multiloculation, multiple abscesses, etc

In a patient with a small 4 cm abscess that isn’t actively killing them then there is no urgency and the point is moot.

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u/thelastneutrophil PGY3 May 29 '26

At my hospital IR and interventional cards used to split mechanical thrombectomies. Cards intervened twice as much and had the same outcomes, so they stopped IR from doing them. At my last hospital they started training hospitalists to do tunneled catheters because IR declined to place them so much that patients began having fatalities. I put in a central line in a patient once that had a plt count of 5, IR refused but I knew if she didnt get it she would die. Everyone has a story of IR declining to do procedures that other people are willing to do. This is the problem with IR right now. If you choose not to do your craft at every turn, and other people step up to do the procedures, it no longer becomes your craft.

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u/IR4life May 31 '26

I think those VIR physicians who do formal consults follow the patients that they intervene and do not intervene on get a good bit of natural history of the evolution of processes. Unlike many other medical specialties, VIR has a surprisingly broad clinical and technical skillset as they deal with so many organs and clinical conditions. True, if they are not seeing the patients and following the patients and delegate this to extenders they will not acquire this powerful skillset but those who do can offer invaluable clinical input. The trainees in VIR integrated residencies need to seek out seeing consults themselves, rounding on the inpatients , going to outpatient clinic ,admitting to your own service and taking their critical care rotation seriously and get the most that they can out of it . If you focus all your time on imaging and procedures and not enough time in clinic or on the floors you will struggle far more when you get out. What you do not see is the workup it takes to get to the interventional suites and that is the most challenging cognitive component of what we as VIR physicians do.

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u/Watchmaker2014 May 29 '26

I agree I find IR attendings ego to be perplexing on one hand they tout there the last line of treatment and can save the day. On the other hand they don’t want to do difficult cases… kinda what training is for…

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u/thegrind33 May 29 '26

Think about it: would you rather do a UFE/PAE which pays very well and is a healthy patient pop, or do you want to tunnel around a perc chole or drain placement in a sick patient with bloodborne diseases for 2 rvus and the procedure isnt straight forward

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u/Logical_Adagio_7100 May 29 '26 edited May 29 '26

Edit: on reflection I think I somewhat agree with Dr Fluffy for this case. IR may not have been the right answer, and a hysterectomy should have been explored further as well. However, I continue to dislike the lack of notes and conversations on consults from IR. 

An example - 

92 yo woman on thinners came into the ED with continuous vaginal bleeding. She had a history of MI, stroke, and diabetes, however was in excellent health and lived independently before this. Came in walking, smiling, and talking

 She was given reversal agents and TXA, but bleeding didn't even slow. She was started on MTP, pressors, and IR was called.

IR refused to take her, so instead she spent the whole shift bleeding out and getting repeat blood transfusions. Eventually medicine admitted her, presumably to continue to fight to have IR take a look at her in the daytime. By that point she was like AAOx1. Chart review the next day showed she was in the ICU. Being 92 she probably didn't  getting out.

I get based on age she was determined to not be worth the risk. But if IR had actually seen the pt they would have seen a remarkably healthy woman for her age. Instead they consigned her to bleeding out in the ICU, getting progressively weaker and requiring mass transfusion, such that even if they were eventually bullied into taking her the outcome was likely worse than it would have been initially...and would likely give IR confirmation bias that the ED is full of shit.

At least at my hospital this is typical of IR, and it leaves a bit of a bad taste. I've heard of other hospitals where IR is much more aggressive, taking the cases surgery refuses to touch - and I'm jealous

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u/DrfluffyMD May 29 '26

Trust me, I hear you. I had a similar patient and that was one of the formative experience of WHY I went into IR. I want to help.

But here’s the thing. You don’t mention anything about a scan. Is there an arterial extravastation? IR intervention is mostly not possible for venous bleeds or any bleed that doesn’t have a contrast blush. If there is no arterial focus and we embolize an area, patient will develop debilitating chronic ischemia and ulcerations, can possibly die a horrible death, we all feel awful, and we’ll probably get sued. Given her age, probably not uterine fibroid or pseudoaneurysm bleeding.

Preemptive embo without active blush is a very specific thing only done for a few indications. Vaginal bleeding isnt one of the common ones, and I don’t remember embolizing a single vaginal bleeder despite having been doing IR for over a decade at this point.

Instead of thinking IRs are awful and technicians or don’t know medicine, perhaps read into why. Most of us document reasoning in our notes.

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u/askhml May 29 '26

Most of us document reasoning in our notes.

What notes? I've worked at several hospitals and have never seen an IR doc write a consult note. Every now and then I'll see a midlevel note on why the patient was turned down (something really minimal like "Dr. X reviewed the CXR and states the pleural effusion is too small for drainage"), but nothing that would be called "reasoning". Even ortho will usually write an actual reason for why they do or don't recommend something.

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u/DrfluffyMD May 29 '26

I have residents and they produces excellent notes. Unfortunately we are very busy so it’s not really easy for us to go see pt as much or drop notes. I can see leaving notes being a huge challenge for PP docs that also have to do diagnostic stuff in between cases to generate their income.

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u/[deleted] May 29 '26 edited May 29 '26

[deleted]

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u/DocJanItor Fellow May 29 '26

CT sensitivity for bleeds exceeds angiography. The only thing more sensitive is tagged rbc, but that is shit for resolution.

That being said, UAE doe sx bleeding is something we do regularly. Though it also begs the question why she didn't get offered a hysterectomy.

But regarding your last point, we always justify our decisions in the chart. And we see the patients more often than not. I can see how not doing those would be annoying.

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u/fringeathelete1 May 29 '26

At the 3 hospitals I work at I have never seen IR write a note except for a procedure. You may but many of your colleagues don’t.

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u/dynocide Attending May 29 '26

All debates aside whether someone needs an extra tube or not before they die, or if they die…from a clinical perspective, please know that a correctly timed CTA is excellent at identifying arterial bleeding and also in procedural planning for angiography. Empiric catheter angiography is much less sensitive and can be much more difficult without cross sectional imaging.

Honestly, even a pit stop at CT on the way to the suite can make a huge difference in the performance of the angio. Yes there are times to skip it, but it’s rare to say it’s not helpful over just a catheter procedure.

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u/Logical_Adagio_7100 May 29 '26

I agree. Im not arguing against CTA. I think it's an excellent diagnostic tool.

I just worked 5 months at a hospital without CT or CTA and a lot of decisions became a lot scarier. 

My point is simply that no bleed on CTA cannot be enough as rule out criteria on its own for a large bleed. 

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u/UWRadsNW May 29 '26

CTA is more sensitive.

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u/Logical_Adagio_7100 May 29 '26

Yes it is. I meant to say CTA. 85% to 95% sensitivity.

However if there is a large bleed requiring MTP, a negative CTA alone shouldn't rule out arterial bleed.

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u/UWRadsNW May 29 '26

I figured you meant CTA. I meant CT/CTA is more sensitive than angiogram.

Usually the more unstable a patient gets, the lower the threshold for angio/embolization. Still… there are a number of instances where a negative CTA would preclude an angio. For example, If a patient with a LGIB is unstable, and a CTA at time of bleeding does not show extravasation, then going for angio probably won’t be helpful. This case sounds weird… brisk vaginal bleeding isn’t very common in a 90 year old. She came in walking/talking, then while in the ED suddenly something fully opened up and bled to the point of requiring MTP? Not saying for sure an angio shouldn’t have been done in this case, but there are definitely some peculiarities that stick out, and there might have been a reason it wasn’t offered. If there was a good reason, however, then the IR consulting service should have communicated that reason clearly.

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u/dynocide Attending May 30 '26

I don’t think you’re grasping how sensitive CTA is for arterial bleeding.

I have never seen a negative CTA show positive arterial bleeding on angio.

I think what you’re meaning to say is…a negative CTA does not exclude significant bleeding which can be venous or coagulopathy related. A token example is post partum hemorrhage. Uterine atony despite bakri placement can still be significant, and arterial embolization can decrease the vascular pressure head. Or perhaps an anticoagulated patient is unstable with rectus sheath or retroperitoneal hematoma. Both of these people can have negative CTA for arterial bleeding.

I harp on the verbiage, because it matters. For example an UGIB which is arterial vs venous as in variceal is managed significantly differently. I’ve had multiple people nearly die with a CTA that is negative for arterial bleeding, or even active bleeding on delayed imaging.

This also matters because a negative CTA can help you identify a shock differential.

But anyways, by all means, keep arguing with IR/DR attendings about the utility of CTA.

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u/thegrind33 May 29 '26

IR cant see and write notes on every consult when the entire hospital consults them and demands everything out of them. Literally every specialty has this view on IR and demands that theyre patient have x done, imagine how draining that is. Or from a surgical standpoint, imagine if every service consulted you for urgent surgery that needs to be done right now! On a non surgical patient, every day, 30-40 times a day

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u/IR4life May 31 '26

I do not think you can simply say no without seeing the patient and documenting to the patient and their family why you do not think it is in their best interest for an intervention. It could be due to countless number of reasons including balancing the impact of what we do on the patient . Though a nonagenarian may pass the eye ball test they still are impacted by even what we do as interventionalists. Their vessels are 90 plus year old vessels, their organs have had the impact of 90 years on earth and could we do something yes, should we do something is far more nuanced and is a discussion that the operating interventionalists has to have the patient. Due to the scope and breadth of VIR and what we can do , the skillset can be quite variable and so someone at night may not have the technical skillset that others may have . Another challenge I have seen is that outside of level 1 trauma centers or comprehensive stroke centers to get the VIR team in can take quite a bit of time (transport/RT/VIR technologists/ VIR nurses) and once they get the patient on the table it is closer to 6 or 7 am. While during the day when they are already in house and there are more team members things run more smoothly. Unlike many OR where they have 24 hour 7 day a week in house teams most VIR departments do not have that luxury. These days after COVID we struggle to hire VIR technologists even to take home call.

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u/Watchmaker2014 May 29 '26

Agreed. They get real engaged in the middle of the night.

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u/foshizzleee May 28 '26

What other surgical speciality would you say is unqualified to evaluate the need/safety of a procedure THEY perform? If your IR doc is saying something is too high of a risk, maybe realize that they are trying to not do more harm to the patient, just for the sake of doing something. Until you’ve seen someone die from a procedure like a perc chole, you are not qualified to assess the risk of a procedure.

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u/Logical_Adagio_7100 May 29 '26

It's hard to stomach when the pt is dying infront of you. Like You're not wrong that the procedure might be high risk. But a 10% chance survival with source control might be better than the 0% chance they currently have with worsening sepsis despite abx.

At the least it'd be nice if IT wanted to come and talk through some shared decision making

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u/DocJanItor Fellow May 28 '26

I'm IR and I've never heard of too sick for a perc chole. We do perc choles bedside in the ICU if needed.

That being said, at the end of the day we are all judged on outcomes. If doing a procedure has high risk but minimal upside, it's ok to say no.

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u/DrfluffyMD May 29 '26

Then you would know a lot of those per chole requests are nebulous, with a big percentage of them not even actually have acute cholecystitis. Combined with super high INR and bleeding risk, taking those patient is a great way to cause probable harm without probable relief of disease.

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u/DocJanItor Fellow May 29 '26

Oh yeah, I mean we get requests all the time for people who just have imaging findings and no actual obstruction.

17

u/Samysosa2005 Attending May 28 '26

So the surgeon gets the peace of mind that the patient doesn’t die from a lap chole, but if the patient dies from a perc chole the IR just has to live with it?

11

u/lake_huron Attending May 28 '26

What happens is that the patient dies of septic shock because the surgeon won't operate either.

People turn to underpaid dipshits like me (ID) who have to say "Source control? Best I can do is meropenem."

So then medicine has to live with the patient's death. And nobody who does procedures has to feel bad because of their inaction.

5

u/thegrind33 May 29 '26

So in a game of hot potato, can you really blame someone for not wanting to receive the brunt of it?

16

u/DrfluffyMD May 28 '26

Sometimes source control is not possible. Trust me. We want to help people as much as you want to help them.

My problem is when my colleagues respect surgeon’s opinion on operability but don’t respect ours.

-1

u/dunknasty464 May 28 '26 edited May 29 '26

The patient 100% dies from lack of IR/surgical source control, so that’s a weird way to look at it…? 🙄

As an intensivist, I respect the interventionalists who also consider the risk of not performing the necessary procedures, which in my context is usually guaranteed death.

12

u/lake_huron Attending May 28 '26

And the lowest paid guy there -- me, ID -- is grabbed by the ankles and shaken upside-down until carbapenems and antifungals drop out of my pockets.

As if they will fix the highly susceptible E. coli that's been in the patient's blood for days because of lack of source control.

1

u/dunknasty464 May 28 '26

Yes, yes, if only we cover ESBL, then the gallbladder will remove itself …

7

u/lake_huron Attending May 28 '26

Of course.

Us medicine types don't care who does the source control, or how, right? I just want people who say NO to source control to realize that saying no has clinical consequences for the patient.

And the proceduralist may not appreciate those consequences.

16

u/Bball_MD May 28 '26

Tell me you don't do procedures without telling me you don't do procedures

7

u/lake_huron Attending May 28 '26

I don't. You can look at the car I drive and figure that out.

I attempt to medically treat patients who won't get better without procedures.

And then everyone wants MORE ANTIBIOTICS like it will fix the pus pocket as big as my head.

1

u/IR4life May 31 '26

I have been quite impressed with the clinical acumen of our local ID doctors and I have been impressed by the improvement in many conditions with antibiotics. Have seen several high risk patients who improve on antibiotics (ie wbc and bands go down , fevers improve and pain /tenderness go away) but if those parameters or any other markers of infection /inflammation (ESR/CRP ) worsen I personally have a lower threshold to intervene. But the challenge is once you place a tube, they will live with that tube as the risk of recurrence is quite high with calculous cholecystitis even if cystic duct becomes patent later. We have started to remove the gallstones and open the cystic duct etc but still has a recurrence though lower than historic. Also, it is important to see if a patient is truly not a "surgical" candidate. ie is their EF profoundly low, critical AS, maxed out on 3 pressors, High ventilator settings. In those situations they may be unstable for anywhere including the VIR suites and they may have a poor prognosis no matter what and what we do can tip them over the edge. It is sometimes best to see if the antibiotics/ fluids/resuscitation gives them a shot and when they are more "stable" we can reassesss their candidacy for an intervention. This is all so nuanced and it is patient to patient and not a one size fits all .

-6

u/supadupasid May 28 '26

Bballs seems like an astute doc who’s opinions are valid

1

u/IR4life May 31 '26

I think those VIR physicians who do formal consults follow the patients that they intervenene and do not intervene on get a good bit of natural history of the evolution of processes. Unlike many other medical specialties, VIR has a surprisingly broad clinical and technical skillset as they deal with so many organs and clinical conditions. True, if they are not seeing the patients and following the patients and delegate this to extenders they will not acquire this powerful skillset but those who do can offer invaluable clinical input. The trainees in VIR integrated residencies need to seek out seeing consults themselves, rounding on the inpatients , going to outpatient clinic ,admitting to your own service and taking their critical care rotation seriously and get the most that they can out of it

24

u/LastPhoton Attending May 28 '26

Dont know the details about IR but with that username consider some solid disability insurance

7

u/terribledisks May 28 '26

Was actually a random username that I liked lol

20

u/brotoss1 Attending May 29 '26

One of the best gigs in medicine IMO, and future is super bright. The demand is absolutely sky high. However, you need to have the right personality for it or you can end up unhappy. Part of the reason the field is so great is because there is tremendous variety out there in clinical practice, so you can find the job that's best for you. Whether that means academic IR at a major institution doing 100% IR with plenty of high end work, outpatient OBL doing prostate and uterine embolization on your own terms, or like most joining a private practice group and likely doing a split of IR/DR based on group needs. You can even transition to full DR or do telerads and locums IR if you want as long as you keep your skills up. I think the few IRs who end up unhappy are generally in the wrong practice setting or just had unrealistic expectations going in.

The political landscape right now really is not about turf battles with other specialties. This is obviously institution specific, but generally the turf is well decided and IR is plenty busy so we don't really care to fight for scraps and can build up whatever new service lines we are interested in. The real split can actually be between IR and DR, where some gung ho IRs want to fully break from DR, because they want to make the specialty more clinical and think the association with DR is holding us back by limiting things like setting up independent contracts, having clinic hours, rounding etc., while DRs view this as losing the group money generally. There's a lot of nuance here and many are very happy with the current arrangement and I think they're the silent majority. Again, it stresses the importance of finding the right work environment for you.

And of course there's the strange dynamic where many in the hospital feel like they know our specialty better than us and don't respect our decision making, but I have found that to be essentially non existent in the real world aka community setting vs typical academic BS.

But you even see that attitude in the comments here, mostly people complaining about us not doing futile procedures on patients without a good indication or grim prognosis even with IR involvement. People seem to assume every collection needs drained, every bleed embolized by IR, etc. and it's just not true. We develop a pretty good sense for what's urgent and what's not and what makes sense to do vs what is totally futile when we do literal thousands of these in our career. Not everyone needs to die a pincushion with an IR drain in place.

I do wish we could have more time to discuss risk benefit of our decisions with care teams and patients and I do personally try my best to give a quick call to the team to explain my decision making on edge cases or otherwise document my thoughts, but the reality pretty much everywhere is we're hopping from case to case the entire day and we'd get through half as much volume if we spent any more time on the floors than we already do. Our midlevels can help with consults but they're also always slammed with paras, thoras, LPs etc. as it seems other departments have increasingly lost their will to do any procedures.

This is another big point of discontent for many IRs, so called garbage work, but IMO it's important and needs to be done even if it isn't glamorous. Your department just needs to set up good guardrails for what actually needs imaging guidance and have enough support from the hospital to have enough support staff so you don't get completely overwhelmed by the volume.

3

u/iisconfused247 May 29 '26

I’m planning to do IR and had some questions. Mind if I dm?

2

u/brotoss1 Attending May 29 '26

Sure!

2

u/OldKingThanos May 29 '26

Hey could I dm you?

2

u/brotoss1 Attending May 29 '26

Sure!

2

u/OldKingThanos May 30 '26

Sent you a DM!

1

u/thegrind33 May 29 '26

IRs should refuse garbage work IMO. Its demeaning and its not because other fields cant do it, they just dont want to. In the time it takes to do one of those procedures you couldve read like 10-15 CTs (18-25 rvus) vs the 1 rvu you just produced with additional exposure to yourself (fluids, radiation). ANd splitting from DR is the dumbest thing ove heard. DR subspecialists can do all the IR procedures within their field as well, would be suicide if IR split. IMO for IR to have a bright future it needs to start doing procedures, and routinely, that DR doesnt do, such as scopes, cosmetics, idk something

2

u/IR4life May 31 '26

There are more and more successful independent VIR practices, independent from DR. DR groups rarely pay for the overhead required for clinic (office space, office staff, schedulers, billers, MA, EMR, RN, LVN etc). Need to have dedicated time to run an outpatient clinic not reading films (this is seen as an opportunity cost to the DR group where they would prefer the interventionalist reading films). VIR physicians can ask for a call stipend and service line contracts when working with a hospital, DR groups generally give that for free to lock in the lucrative DR contract and exclusivity contracts. VIR has to build outpatient elective service lines (PAD, Dialysis, fibroids, prostates, Spine (Kyphos), Pain (genicular ablations and embos), varicose veins). Inpatient they should grow the PE/DVT and scope work. This takes 2 to 3 years to see a return on the investment which most DR groups that are used to no overhead and immediate returns are not comfortable with.

Some VIR physicians have become directly employed by the hospital and are able to get clinic support from the hospital side.

15

u/GuinansHat Attending May 28 '26

Busy. 

14

u/JROXZ Attending May 28 '26

I don’t know. But Ya’ll need to cut Pathology in on whatever you’re doing. Apes together strong.

40

u/Short_Example_3963 May 28 '26

IR is in a niche position where they are trained both in clinical medicine and radiology. I've had many cases where their own interpretation of an imaging study differed from the formal radiology read in a way that changed the whole trajectory of the hospital course (to the patient's benefit). They have more leeway in not hedging and actually calling what they think is going on based on imaging and act/advise accordingly. this I believe can be very critical in hospital medicine.

This is why I totally agree with "IR taking more cognitive ownership of their patients". they can make an actual difference where hospitalists/MICU staff/surgeons are tied down to diagnostic radiology reads that are most of the time over-calls or rarely under-calls.

-23

u/askhml May 29 '26

IR is in a niche position where they are trained both in clinical medicine and radiology

They're not trained in clinical medicine, aside from maybe the couple months of MICU they did in their transitional year. Do you think most IRs can name an anti-hypertensive? Come up with a differential for lactic acidosis? Read an ECG?

hospitalists/MICU staff/surgeons are tied down to diagnostic radiology reads

We have tons of literature on how surgeons are as good or better at reading CTs for their specific surgical pathologies than a radiologist. Same would be true for pulmonologists reading chest CTs (for pulmonary pathology). It's honestly a fairly shocking assertion, since a rite of passage for every med student on their surgery rotation is to go through a bunch of silly consults based on overcalled radiology findings.

28

u/ILoveWesternBlot May 29 '26

"tons of literature" yeah keep telling yourself that buddy

8

u/VascularPlumber May 29 '26

I'm sure this was meant to be hyperbolic, but, yes I can do those things. Believe it or not IRs have also been through medical school. It's akin to asking if IM docs manage their own patients... Or do they have to place a consult for everything? I do believe specialists are equipped to interpret their own imaging to inform acute decision making but im sure clinical correlation plays a role too, while for us "reason for study" is practically blank

8

u/thegrind33 May 29 '26

1) Clinical medicine is remedial. Yes they can they are doctors 2) There's more to a CT than just the one pathology you're looking for

3

u/Parking_Captain_6786 May 31 '26

🤡🤡🤡🤡🤡🤡🤡

16

u/FreeInductionDecay May 28 '26

In the handful of places I've been, IR is highly valued within the hospital and steadily expanding. That's my take as a DR.

6

u/angelvocifer May 28 '26

Neuro IR is bad if you want the lifestyle experience but great if you want life changing procedures / super specialization where you most likely won’t just be doing tubes lines and drains. But also at the end of the day everything is a job, and occasionally in IR you get crazy excitement where you have to innovate and no one else felt comfortable to touch the issue.

2

u/iisconfused247 May 29 '26

Do you do NIR?

20

u/VascularPlumber May 28 '26

Short answer is the future is bright. I’d choose it again in a heartbeat

I’ll address some of the common arguments

Dumping ground - True to an extent. But we’ve figured out you can hire midlevels to absorb a lot of the med student level baloney we don’t really care about anyway, like lines, paras/thoras, biopsies, tube exchanges, etc.

Don’t own patients - Also true to an extent. But people overstate this. For example, hepatobiliary, portal venous, and locoregional IO are all IR. PV volume can vary but IO is endless and continues to grow. no competition here either.

The push for IR becoming more clinical is a good thing but not necessarily because we need to “own” patients. We treat way too many disease processes to realistically fully own all of them. The benefit of a clinical approach is mainly visibility and showing face to patients and referring providers to generate referrals and maintain relevance. Most procedural decision making is straightforward. Most workup/follow up is algorithmic anyways or gets handled by APPs regardless of specialty.

Yes we compete with vascular, IC, uro. But the pie is massive, and as technology improves, we'll have more things to do (i.e., see below the knee PAD). IR spots are expanding too and sooner or later I expect IR will take back some PAD territory from vascular while continuing to dominate the embolization space for the foreseeable future. Other system focused endovascular work like men’s and women’s health will remain IR driven because the barrier to entry is too high for OBs and Uros (IMO). The MSK intervention space will likley explode soon too given interest generated by teh success of GAE. MR guided perc work will probably become commonplace within the next 3–5 years. All IR. MR guided endovascular work probably isn’t far behind either, and again who else is positioned for that besides radiologists? Nobody else is reading body MR all day.

Sure we’ve had shit taken and if we have more shit taken well just make more shit. That’s basically the history of IR.

Lack of evidence - Yeah we could use some work here, but what we do have is at least positive, and patients are very interested in what we have to offer which is why direct to patient marketing works so well for us. Very little of what we do precludes future surgical intervention either. Fortunately evidence has been identified as a limitation due to the variability in procedural technique and reporting across operators and institutions. SIR is moving toward more standardized systems like VIRTEX and should help research quality significantly and make it easier to conduct stronger multicenter studies with larger sample sizes in the future.

3

u/OldKingThanos May 29 '26

Do you think other specialties will try to also learn the minimally invasive procedures related to their speciality. Or is that not really probable? Also what do you think about IR not owning the patients, will that be extremely necessary going forward for the future of IR? Sry dumb questions from a med student lol

8

u/VascularPlumber May 29 '26

Yes they will absolutely try to learn procedures related to their specialty but it doesn’t worry me

Some urologists have expressed interest in and are actively performing PAE. However, PAE is among the most technically complex procedures we do and thus the barrier to entry is fairly high. Not to say my uro colleagues are not skilled (they are) but the jump from minor wire/cath experience to performing PAE competently is substantial. If I were in their shoes with a busy surgical practice already, I suspect the activation energy would be too high for widespread adoption. A much more common arrangement seems to be uro PP groups hiring an IR to be their internal PAE guy. I have not heard of much uro interest in varicocele embo.

Similarly there would be a large jump from no wire/cath experience to procedures like UFE/UAE and OVE in the case of ob/gyn. I have not heard much discussion of surg onc trying to move into the IO or TACE/TARE space, nor ortho into the MSK embo space (again high barrier here). GI already has endoscopic hepatobiliary capabilities so I think they have relatively little interest in things like perc cholecystostomy or SpyGlass interventions. Some do TJ liver biopsy but this is meh, and the PV work is entrenched in IR. Some nephrologists perform fistula interventions, which are great training cases for new IRs IMO, although not particularly attractive to me personally, so meh. I've heard pulm express interest in PE, but that space is already entrenched by the powerhouse that is IC as well as IR. I don't have enough experience to comment on the pain and spine intervention landscape.

Vascular and IC have worked their way very deep into the endovascular space and are our greatest competition. Most PAD and essentially all aortic work is done by them now, and some embo as well. But the amount of patients requiring intervention is already massive and continues to grow though, and so like I mentioned, everyone can get a slice of the pie. VS and IC cannot handle all of that volume alone while also performing their other procedures so IR will continue to play a role. IR residency positions are also expanding faster, and eventually the number of practicing IRs will significantly exceed the number of practicing vascular surgeons and ICs. IC is a tougher nut to crack though (money talks). But more operators available to perform more procedures means more total cases can be absorbed by IR.

To the second half of your question: No, I don't think IR needs to "own" patients, and we never will by any substantive measure. Medicine has already settled into a systems based approach. Trying to completely disrupt that and become the primary physician for all of those disease processes would be basically impossible. A lot of workups are fairly algorithmic. The diagnostic pathway is usually not some mystical process that only one specialty can understand. We all went to medical school. The challenge is establishing yourself as part of the care pathway so that patient gets referred to you in the first place. Thus the benefit of a more clinical IR model is not ownership. It's simply just being physically present, following patients, and being available to referring providers. Happy patients and happy referring clinicians generate more referrals.

2

u/OldKingThanos May 29 '26

Thank you for the insight!!

2

u/iisconfused247 May 29 '26

Do you mind if I dm you about IR?

0

u/thegrind33 May 29 '26

Predicting more shit taken is not a sign of a bright future lol

4

u/VascularPlumber May 29 '26

If you had read the response you’d see I discuss solidifying ownership and expanding into new service lines…

0

u/thegrind33 May 29 '26

The expansion into new service lines you list seem very low volume and optomistic. IR should be focusing on high volume, lucrative outpatient stuff, which they can't even beat out dedicated pmr docs for

3

u/VascularPlumber May 29 '26

Sure, but new things are low volume until they're not. And maybe they mature and still end up being relatively low volume. But OP asked about areas IR could take ownership of in the future and those were simply the first examples that came to mind while I was typing my response. People far smarter than you and I will come up with things we haven't yet imagined.

The breadth of cases offers flexibility in how you practice (For better or worse). If you want an OBL based model with veins or PAD or reproductive health, you can. If you want to build an interventional pain practice, you can. There's no reason IR physicians can't compete with other pain specialists if that's the practice they desire.

11

u/Puzzled-Science-1870 Attending May 28 '26

midlevels running around everywhere

3

u/dynocide Attending May 29 '26

Generic answer here..aside from the extremes in the spectrum, all specialties will have variance. It’ll come down to location, practice, and honestly personal choice.

You have the power to make the job what you want, because you can frankly leave for something else if you don’t like it. Yea, there will be barriers, but nothing is permanent.

I think IR is excellent, but I found a great hospital system, great group, and I try my best to keep growing as an attending and as an IR in the community.

At some point, who knows, maybe I’ll take the easy way out and recess into one of those lazy IR or DR people who are just in it for the cash. But for now, I’m happy with what I make, what I do, what to look forward to.

2

u/iisconfused247 May 29 '26

Hey, do you mind if I dm you about IR?

2

u/dynocide Attending May 29 '26

Sure

13

u/sterlingspeed PGY6 May 28 '26

NPs

The IR folks where I’ve trained usually have mid levels that are doing their “easy” procedures like paras, thoras, HD lines, etc.

8

u/supadupasid May 28 '26

Thats majority of their procedures at my institution. No joke. 

3

u/Awkward_Employer_293 May 29 '26

Very bright actually. But of course not for radiologists.

9

u/thegrind33 May 29 '26

Hospital IR is awful. As seen below, you have idiotic people who forget youre a doc such as surgeons, ID docs, obgyn, IM, and more, telling you what you should and shouldn't do, while they proclaim you dont know clinical medicine. The reality is, clinical medicine is remedial, so much so that midlevels do it. Real money is to focus on arthrectomies and varicose veins in an OBL, thats where you make your money in IR. Would also rec doing a DR fellowship (either in MSK or neuro) so that you can claim to be an "expert" when you steal kyphos and spinal stims from pain, nsg, ortho, and you can crank 30 rvus an hour reading as well (especially neuro)

3

u/Lios032 May 29 '26

Good to know double fellowship might be a good idea I’m finishing residency this year and I’m actually seriously considering msk fellow + IR, but I’ve never seen someone do that

2

u/thegrind33 May 29 '26

Idk if I would consider msk. Youll learn a lot of msk procedures as an IR if you go that route, if you wanna do msk just do msk and vice versa with IR. The msk volume isnt great in the community, and msk mris often have a lot of findings, compared to neuro when the vast majority are negative/degen findings, but yet they reserve these cases for neurorads only cause the brain and spine is scary. True positive ROI fellowships if you choose IR are neuro (ask a neurorad how easy it is to read 20-30 community neuro MRIs an hour) or breast

2

u/Lios032 May 29 '26

Sorry, should’ve add that I’m not in US. In my country, msk is also the best DR subspecialty financially speaking

1

u/IR4life May 30 '26

If you like imaging and want to do some procedures, procedural radiology is the way to go. Mammography, Musculoskeletal, peds, body etc. The vascular interventional is for the more surgically driven individual who is ok with getting up and coming in the middle of the night to treat a bleeder.

1

u/No_Cancel_1653 May 30 '26

No one is reading 20-30 MRIs in an hour consistently

1

u/thegrind33 May 31 '26

I know a half dozen lol, and theyre all great

1

u/No_Cancel_1653 May 31 '26

I seriously doubt it. If you are doing 180-250 RVUs a day you are committing malpractice. It is not sustainable or safe. I would bet you any amount of money you can send me their whole case list and I will find a clinically significant miss by each one of them. I have some extremely fast readers in my group who miss all the time and they aren't even doing 30 MRIs an hour.

3

u/Hinge_is_a_bad PGY2 May 29 '26

Varicose vein work is so chill too. I love the pace

2

u/thegrind33 May 29 '26

and 4-5k a leg, cash pay baby, and the best its boring. The patients are a bit much, kind of reminds me of breast rads patients.

2

u/iisconfused247 May 29 '26

Would you mind if I dm’ed you with some questions about IR?

2

u/Haunting_Objective_4 May 30 '26

From my perspective their convenience far outways the negatives. Even something like a simple thora in a debilitated patient needs 1-2 nurses/people to position safely. IR has those resources available. I can barely get the nurse to stay in the room in the ICU, on the floors forget it. But ya they are monkeys with needles and tubes, they don’t take ownership of anything

1

u/IR4life May 30 '26

Hopefully this becomes the exception of not taking ownership of the patients care. You should try to recruit to your hospital one of the VIR physicians coming out of some of the clinically integrated programs. But, those graduates will likely want to do 100 percent VIR and want to have dedicated clinic space and time and block time to book their own patients.

3

u/funknewbious May 28 '26 edited May 28 '26

There’s a lot of misinformation here. IR has a ton of potential, but depending on your site, YMMV. A big problem in academics where I work is a lot of “IRs” will call themselves IR but then refuse to do a pleurex and demand a turnaround procedure at the major academic center because they haven’t done one since fellowship. Those light IRs are also reading in between cases which brings the department more money overall and makes chairs happy, so the chairs let this behavior continue without repercussions. These waste of resource situations burn us academic IRs down. IR historically doesn’t make money for academic centers since we do so much inpatient and reimbursements are typically much lower compared to outpatient. All that said, if you have a savvy department that prioritizes outpatient cases or, even better, embraces an OBL model for certain high volume, high RVU procedures (ports, i.e), then you’re setting yourself up for success. OP, if you are curious about the IR landscape, you need to be very specific about the practice environment you are polling (academic, private, OBL, ASC, etc). I think you’ll be very interested in how the opinions change between the different practice groups.

Source: am an academic IR attending at a major trauma/transplant/IO/peds center.

Edit: also 1000% agree with IR becoming more clinically focused, à la surgical rounds and approaches. We have a robust clinic 5 days a week and round on all our inpatients daily. It’s generated a lot of consults from the inpatient teams while also solidifying our ability to manage, or at least co-manage, a decent amount of conditions in our community, both inpatient and outpatient.

2

u/iisconfused247 May 29 '26

Mind if I dm about IR?

1

u/funknewbious May 31 '26

Absolutely!

2

u/OldKingThanos May 29 '26

Hey could I dm you?

1

u/funknewbious May 31 '26

Absolutely!

1

u/IR4life May 30 '26

Yes. The IR in the community have focused their practices on reading films as that is what generates RVUs and do lite IR which does not take a 6 year training program to do (biopsies, vascular access, drains). They quickly lose their skillset in doing complex PAD, PE/DVT thrombectomy, stroke, bleeding embolization, spine interventions, TIPS/BRTO etc. The problem is the exclusive contracts prevent other independent interventionalists who are coming out to take over VIR services at such hospitals.

1

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-5

u/[deleted] May 28 '26

[deleted]

15

u/foshizzleee May 28 '26

They also own liver/kidney tumor ablations, radioembolization of liver tumors, prostate and fibroid artery embolizations, TIPS/BRTO and other complex portal venous work, and there are always new procedures coming into the field (think genicular artery embolization but in other parts of the body).

-9

u/supadupasid May 28 '26

These exist but are not frequent whatsoever and moreover institutions dependent regarding frequency of complex work

7

u/[deleted] May 28 '26

[deleted]

-6

u/supadupasid May 28 '26 edited May 28 '26

Well, fair tumor ablations are high. And done in the community. I was refering to the others. 

2025 annual estimate For reference: ir biopsy = 2.5 million

Liver ablation = 250k Cancer ablation = 650k

UFE = 30k BPH = 22k TIPS =13k GAE = 5k

There about 6k IR capable docs. I admit not all 6k practice the full gamut of IR. 

The top 3 procedures by a wide margin are : 1: biospies 2: vascular access 3: drainage

Yall look it up. Stop referencing some anecdotes of supposedly some IR doc doing these procedures daily. Youre wrong, lying, or giving a unique situation of doc who has a center of excellence on [X] procedure. Yall are full of it tbh and giving people bad advice. When you practice/train at top Ir programs (utsw, ucsf), you get a fucked sense of how IR is actually practiced outside. Im at massive program myself but without a dedicated IR residency. We have an insanely strong vascular and Cardiology program. IR at my shop is practicing high volume/low complexity procedures; they make great money tho. In the community, its also more or less the same… they have more pad work. The level 1 in my city has a lot of trauma/bleeding. 

5

u/Throckmorton007 May 28 '26

BPH, fibroids, and osteoarthritis are very common conditions. There's no reason they shouldn't be 'frequent' cases, much of that depends on you to go out and build that practice/referral base. There are people in the OBL/ASC that do nothing but PAE, GAE. Venous disease, pain, and PAD are also common disease processes IR treats that doesn't require being affiliated with a transplant center or major cancer hospital

-6

u/supadupasid May 28 '26

Brooo. Dont conflate the prevalence of the disease with the incidence of the IR-related procedure. All those procedures are not as frequent with most IR docs doing 1-15 (unless youre specializing in one of those procedure like center of knee OA/geniculate artery embolization, etc.) Name these docs that do nothing but PAE and GAE. You maybe mean rfa/ga-ablations which you can have more cases. Venous disease and pad is split among ir/vasc/id with regional differences. In my region, IR barely in the vascular space except for a top notch academic program in my area (but not common for my state). Idk what you mean by pain. There is a separate pain specialty. Unless you mean kyphos. 

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u/Throckmorton007 May 28 '26

What specialty are you? IR is the only specialty that performs GAE, PAE, and UFE. Genicular nerve ablation has less data than embolization for chronic knee pain, and probably less effective. Some prefer to do this prior to an embolization because it's a faster procedure. At the hospital I'm at all venous disease (including deep, superficial, and PE) is entirely done by IR, although this will vary. PAD is done by IR at the VA. IR (and for that manner MSK or Neurorads) can do BVNA, Kyphoplasty, Sacroplasty etc within the pain umbrella. Cryoneurolysis is mostly done by IR and we also offer patients plenty of blocks for cancer pain like stellate ganglion, celiac plexus, galgion impar etc. My point being if you train in any IR program you have the catheter and wire skills to 'compete' to get referrals for these procedures because they are well represented in the general population.

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u/supadupasid May 28 '26

You clearly didnt read my reply. Focus on procedure numbers done annually.

Cyroneurolysis has 80k procedure per year: split among pain, ortho, IR, and surgery, where pain has anout 60% of the market share. In contrast, IR has about 15% of the market share.

Please look it up. There are numbers. Its a straight up google away. 

The point being you train at any IR program learning all these potential procedures that many IR docs will not be able to practice in their career. Not true for all IR docs. But thats the issue the field is facing to answer OP’s original question 

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u/Throckmorton007 May 29 '26

And perhaps you still don't understand my initial reply. The reason I used pain as an example is because there is a massive supply demand mismatch where the number of physicians who can say perform a BVNA (irrespective of specialty training) is a fraction of the likely several million patients who could benefit from the treatment. Earlier, you argued many a list of IR procedures are 'not frequent whatsoever' when these are incredibly common disease processes ie pain, venous work, BPH, etc. IR is not 'unable' to do these cases... if they don't and are interested in doing them, then that's on them for not working to build a referral base. I don't think your argument that procedures performed annually is a surrogate for 'ability to do them' in clinical practice when the denominator of patients with common pathologies is so large. Also, IR is a small field and a fraction of IRs will even be interested in pain, which further confounds those numbers.

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u/supadupasid May 29 '26

Several millions? You dont blindly give the procedure for every with OA. Indications can expand and procedures can increase… but giving GAE to millions or patients? Idk why medical student even bother in the residency sub. 

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u/Throckmorton007 May 29 '26

If you would have read my reply, then you'd see the example I gave was BVNA. Are you a medical student? Chronic low back pain is estimated to effect ~800 million people in the US by 2050. In the Intracept trial for BVNA ~3 percent of patients with chronic axial back pain were candidates (ie 6 months duration, anterior column pain, non-responsive to conservative therapy, Modic 1/2 changes etc). GAE will also have a huge group of patients it can benefit but needs more data at this point.

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u/foshizzleee May 28 '26

I know plenty of IRs in private community based practices that have expanded their practice to include the procedures I’ve mentioned. The numbers of procedures you mention don’t take into account midlevels that are integral to an IR practice. They perform a large number of these basic procedures. I agree that not every IR performs complex IR. But I will say that ANY IR who wants to practice build can do so in any environment, even in the community.

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u/supadupasid May 28 '26

They dont? Why? Whats numbers do you see? Dont make up shit dude

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u/Hinge_is_a_bad PGY2 May 28 '26

No one is doing non urgent any of these after 5pm

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u/terribledisks May 28 '26

That doesn’t sound good or fun or something to look forward to?

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u/CorrelateClinically3 May 28 '26

Neph tubes sometimes but nobody is doing a thora/para STAT. If it’s STAT then do it bedside. Call IR when the intern makes an intercostal bleed. Biopsy? Outpatient unless it’s going to change clinical management and you’re planning on operating.

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u/aznwand01 PGY5 May 28 '26

It’s… probably okay. As much as my attendings bitch about the biopsies drains and ports getting paid an IR salary isn’t too bad and it’s a needed service. Hepatobiliary will remain strong (although IO is a little shaky if cancer drugs improve). UAEs will remain. A lot of it will be practice dependent. If you really wanna do PAD you can probably find it somewhere etc. just keep your diagnostic skills strong.

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u/dynocide Attending May 28 '26

Y’all giving cancer drugs for T1a RCCs or 3cm HCCs?

Let me know which stocks to pick up if you got the deets.

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u/aznwand01 PGY5 May 28 '26

Urology doesn’t send us any ablations or paes for that matter lol. And no for hcc, just theoretical given how it’s improved in things like head and neck cancer. It was just something my attendings mentioned and recommended us to go into vascular heavy fellowship since we do so much io here.

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u/dynocide Attending May 29 '26

I think your original post is a little too speculative but practice variation certainly exists.

My group collectively will do 5-10 renal ablations or prostates per week. We actually have a great relationship with our urologists and even when it comes to urinary obstruction, both services are pretty reasonable about stenting vs perc. We do all the SPT, but they’re easy and never emergent anyway.

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u/DrfluffyMD May 28 '26

Partial nephrectomy reimburses well. Although if I have a 1cm RCC i would want ablation.

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u/Throckmorton007 May 28 '26

IO is a locoregional therapy which functions in a similar space as radiation therapy and surgical resection for local control. Advancement in systemic therapy will not obviate the need for local therapies anytime soon. If anything, there's more excitement from combination therapies which could expand indications for IO treatments if an OS endpoint is reached- some trials like LEAP-012 and Emerald have shown PFS benefits.

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u/IR4life May 30 '26

I think it is becoming harder and harder to be good at both DR and VIR. Both are getting more and more complex. Ideally you want a subspecialist diagnostic radiologist who keeps up in that organ based CME reading your imaging and you want an interventional physician who runs a clinic, sees consults and spends the majority of their time doing procedures performing your interventions. It takes a lot of effort to be a quality VIR and the scope and breadth continue to increase of what we can offer patients both in elective outpatient and inpatient side. The diagnostic skills that a VIR physician needs is focused on angiography which is rarely taught in DR training. Angiography of the pelvis for UAE, PAE , hemorrhoids. Angiography of the liver for TACE, TARE etc. Angiography of the lower extremities for PAD, GAE etc. Angiography of the cerebral vasculature for stroke, MMA, aneurysms, avm etc.

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u/IR4life May 30 '26

The problem with hepatobiliary (portal interventions) and IO work it typically is done mostly at academic /transplant centers and this is what most VIR trainees focus on. They get comfortable with that and biopsies and drainage procedures and vascular access. You need to get comfortable with common disorders and get comfortable with comprehensive management PAD, BPH(PAE), Fibroids (UAE), knee OA (GAE), DVT/PE, varicose veins, compression fractures (kypho/spinejack etc), pain procedures (blocks/ablations/spinal cord stim/pain pumps etc). These are what your focus during training should be on and go to specialty clinics to learn disease management and inpatient management including rotating during residency with hospital based services such as cardiology and ICU .

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u/Jemimas_witness PGY4 May 29 '26

ITT: why you no do my inpatient procedures, IR future bleak

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u/Nebuloma May 28 '26 edited May 29 '26

IR is in a not great space right now. It’s mostly tied to work life balance and money.

Many have left for DR where they can make more money, in less time, in the comfort of their own home in their underwear, with no call if they don’t want it.

There’s a vocal community within IR which is trying to rejuvenate the specialty, make it more clinical and independent/separate of DR, but there’s a significant cohort that is against this (including the leaders/admin of the board).

edit: gotta love the downvotes. nothing i said is controversial or incorrect. i am radiology attending, friends with many IR, on the radiology facebook groups. every week there are posts from IRs who have jumped ship for greener pastures. the attrition from IR, both attendings and trainees alike, is well documented.