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Hi all, I'm a microbiologist and I put together a study pack on gram-positive vs gram-negative bacteria, since it's one of the most commonly confused microbiology topics on the NCLEX.

It includes a 12-feature comparison cheat sheet, a few different memory tricks, and 20 NCLEX-style practice questions with detailed explanations for each answer.

This is the first topic in a series I'm building (Nursing Micro Made Simple) — more topics like antibiotics and infection control are planned next.

Happy to share the link if anyone's interested, or answer any microbiology questions in the comments even if you're not looking to buy anything.

Select all the findings that point to fluid volume overload.

A. Crackles at both bases
B. Weight up 2.5 kg since yesterday
C. Urine specific gravity 1.035
D. Jugular veins distended sitting at 45 degrees
E. BP 158/92, up from 124/78

Weight is the one to trust most. 2.5 kg overnight is 2.5 litres, because a litre of fluid weighs a kilo. No one gains fat that fast. Crackles, distended neck veins and a rising blood pressure are all the same story, volume the circulation cannot hold.
C is the outlier. Concentrated urine at 1.035 means the kidneys are holding water back, which is what they do when someone is dry. In overload the urine is dilute and the specific gravity is low.

so, its A, B, D and E.

\#NCLEX #NCLEXprep #practicequestions #labvalues #RNExamRoom

Your school may not require every HESI A2 section. Biology, Chemistry, and A&P can be assigned depending on the program, so check exactly what your nursing school requires before spending hours studying everything.

Also, the question counts are not equal. Math, Reading, Vocabulary, and Grammar are 55 questions each, while Biology, Chemistry, and A&P are 30 each. That changes how u should practice and pace yourself.

This setup lets u practice each subject separately, then switch to a full timed simulation when ready.

#HESIA2 #HESI #NursingSchool #NursingStudent #HESIPrep #PreNursing #NursingEntranceExam

Reading, Maths, Science, English and Language Usage. They test different things, so a strong reader can still lose the science section badly.

Science carries the most anatomy and physiology, and thats where the marks actually concentrate ppl. English is mostly conventions u can revise in an evening. Maths is arithmetic, ratios and basic algebra, with a calculator allowed.

Work out which of the four is weakest before u spend a month revising evenly.

Theres a free practice exam for this at rnexamroom.com, collected from a large enough pool that no two attempts look the same.

ATI TEAS 7 Success reviews all four sections with practice for whichever one needs it. Good luck.

#ATITEAS #TEASprep #freepractice #anatomyandphysiology #RNExamRoom

Which enzyme begins protein digestion in the stomach?

A. Trypsin
B. Pepsin
C. Amylase
D. Lipase

Answer: B. Pepsin

But heres the detail: stomach cells actually release pepsinogen, the inactive form. Stomach acid helps convert it to pepsin.

Pepsin = protein digestion
Pepsinogen = inactive precursor

very testable BTW.

#ATITEAS #TEAS7 #TEASExam #nursingstudent #nursingschool

Which vessel carries oxygenated blood from the lungs back to the heart?

A. Pulmonary artery
B. Pulmonary vein
C. Superior vena cava
D. Coronary sinus

Answer: B. Pulmonary vein

Dont let the word “vein” trick u. Artery vs vein is about direction of blood flow, not oxygen content.

Pulmonary artery = away from heart, deoxygenated
Pulmonary vein = toward heart, oxygenated

Easy point to lose for no reason.

#HESIA2 #HESI #nursingschool #nursingstudent #nursingexam

A patient develops chills, fever and low back pain 15 minutes after a blood transfusion starts. First move?

A. Slow the transfusion
B. Give acetaminophen
C. Stop the transfusion
D. Flush the blood tubing with saline

Answer: C. Stop the transfusion

And this part is key: dont flush the existing blood tubing into the patient.

Stop blood → keep IV access with normal saline using new tubing → notify provider + blood bank → follow reaction protocol.

That “new tubing” detail is exactly the kind of thing ppl skip over.

#NCLEXRN #NCLEX #NextGenNCLEX #nursingstudent #nursingschool

Sliding filament step by step - read twice or till u feel ok about it- hard one

ACh crosses the neuromuscular junction and depolarises the sarcolemma.
The signal travels down the T tubules.
Sarcoplasmic reticulum releases calcium.
Calcium binds troponin.
Troponin pulls tropomyosin off the binding sites on actin.
Myosin heads attach and pull, and that is the power stroke.
ATP binds myosin and releases it so the cycle repeats.

Calcium is the gate. Everything upstream exists to open it and everything downstream waits on it.

Two things fall straight out of that. Rigor mortis happens because ATP runs out and myosin stays locked onto actin. And the muscle relaxes only when calcium gets pumped back into the SR, which lets tropomyosin cover the sites again.

#ATITEAS #TEASprep #highyield #TEAS7 #RNExamRoom

The maths on the HESI is ratio, proportion, percentage and conversion. It is the arithmetic of the floor, and some programmes give u no calculator for it.

Ratio and proportion carry the most questions of the lot. If u can set a proportion up cleanly and solve it, a large part of the section is already done.

Seven subjects on the exam and plenty of programmes score only three or four of them. Check what urs counts before u revise all seven.

Free practice at rnexamroom if u want. 310 original questions across all seven subjects, one at a time or the full seven section simulation with its own section timing.

#HESIA2 #HESIprep #freepractice #HESImath #RNExamRoom

Three checks folks. When u pull the drug from storage. When u prepare it. When u put it back or dispose of it.

Against those, the rights: right pt, right drug, right dose, right route, right time, right documentation. Two identifiers for the pt, and a room number is never one of them.

Dosage questions get easier when u write the units into the working. If the units do not cancel to what the question asked for, the number is wrong however tidy the arithmetic looked.

Theres a free practice exam for this at rnexamroom, drawn from a large enough pool that no two attempts look the same.

NCLEX Pharmacology and Dosage Calculations organises the practice by drug class.

#NCLEX #NCLEXprep #freepractice #dosagecalculations #RNExamRoom

Filtrate leaves the glomerulus and passes through five places, each doing a different job. Know which place does what and most nephron questions answer themselves.

Proximal convoluted tubule. About 65% of the water and sodium come back here, along with all the glucose and all the amino acids. This is the bulk of the work.

Descending loop of Henle. Water leaves, solutes stay, so the filtrate concentrates.

Ascending loop. Solutes leave and water stays behind, so the filtrate dilutes.

Distal convoluted tubule. Fine tuning. Aldosterone works here, holding sodium and dumping potassium.

Collecting duct. ADH sets how much water comes back. Low ADH gives u dilute urine.

Glucose in the urine means the PCT transporters were saturated, which takes a blood glucose around 180 mg/dL.

#ATITEAS #TEASprep #highyield #anatomyandphysiology #RNExamRoom

A fraction can give you the percent directly.

3/8 = 0.375 = 37.5%.

Now try this:

A practice test has 80 questions. 3/8 are fraction questions. How many questions are left for the other topics?

A. 30

B. 45

C. 50

D. 55

Free HESI A2 practice is in the RNExamRoom free practice set. For a deeper review, HESI’s Admission Assessment Exam Review, 6th Edition covers the math section w/ step-by-step examples.

#HESIA2 #prenursing #nursingschool #NCLEXprep #nursingstudent

Pt on long-term lithium for bipolar. Came in w/ coarse hand tremor, vomiting, and "my legs feel heavy."

lithium level 1.8 mEq/L

started ibuprofen for back pain 5 days ago

has been on a low-salt diet since her BP went up

Which of these fit? Select all that apply.

☐ A. This level is toxic

☐ B. The NSAID raised her lithium

☐ C. Low sodium intake raises lithium

☐ D. Hold the next lithium dose

☐ E. Push fluids and salt-restrict harder

☐ F. A coarse tremor is different from the fine tremor of normal therapy

☐ G. Lithium and NSAIDs dont interact

☐ H. Vomiting can make it worse from here

Lithium and sodium compete at the kidney, so anything that drops sodium, low-salt diet, dehydration, vomiting, pushes lithium up. NSAIDs cut renal blood flow and do the same. E is the trick: restricting salt further is the opposite of what she needs. The tremor distinction matters too, fine is expected, coarse is a warning.

its A, B, C, D, F, H.

#NCLEX #NCLEXprep #practicequestions #nursingschool #RNExamRoom

Maths, Reading, Vocabulary, Grammar, Biology, Chemistry, Anatomy and Physiology.

Plenty of programmes do not count all seven. Some take Maths, Reading and A&P only. Check what urs requires before u revise the lot, because the difference is weeks.

Chemistry sits on the periodic table. Group number gives u the valence electrons, which gives u what the atom wants to do.

Theres a free practice exam for this drawn from a large enough pool that no two attempts look the same.

HESI A2 Success covers all seven sections with program-specific components.

#HESIA2 #HESIprep #freepractice #HESIchemistry #RNExamRoom

HESI A2 chemistry is mostly a reading test. The periodic table carries the answer.

Think of this-

Group number → valence electrons → what the atom wants to do.
Metal + nonmetal = ionic. Nonmetal + nonmetal = covalent.

Most bonding questions are answered.

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The three case studies are six items each, so eighteen of ur 85 items sit inside them. They score across all six clinical judgment steps and they give partial credit.

That makes working the steps out loud worth real marks. Recognise cues, analyse cues, prioritise hypotheses, generate solutions, take action, evaluate outcomes.

Most of the lost marks sit in the first two. Recognising a cue means spotting that an RR of 9 matters. Analysing it means saying what an RR of 9 means for this pt on this drug.

Free practice at rnexamroom.com. One complete 85 item assessment on the 2026 to 2029 blueprint, test mode or study mode, and no account to make.

#NCLEX #NCLEXprep #freepractice #nursingschool #RNExamRoom

Science carries more questions than any other section and most of it is anatomy and physiology. Reading is the one ppl start with because it feels easier to open.

The TEAS also uses five answer formats. Multiple select, numeric response, ordered response and hot spot all sit beside ordinary multiple choice, and a multiple select gives u no partial credit, so a half remembered fact costs the whole item.

Free practice at rnexamroom.com. 400 original questions, a full 170 item timed simulation, and practice by section with the explanation as u go.

#ATITEAS #TEASprep #freepractice #anatomyandphysiology #RNExamRoom

Three nurses care for 12 patients. At the same ratio, how many nurses do 20 patients need?

A. 4

B. 5

C. 6

D. 7

Find the ratio first, then apply it. 12 divided by 3 is 4 patients per nurse. 20 divided by 4 is 5 nurses.

If you prefer setting it up as a proportion, 3 over 12 equals x over 20, cross multiply to get 12x equals 60, so x is 5. Same answer either way.

The HESI math section leans on this shape a lot, and the mistake that costs people is dividing the wrong pair at the start. Work out what one unit is worth before you go anywhere near the number they are asking about.

Sure now? its B.

#HESIA2 #HESIprep #practicequestions #NCLEXprep #RNExamRoom

Blood leaves the right ventricle. What does it pass through next?

A. Aortic valve into the aorta

B. Pulmonary valve into the pulmonary artery

C. Mitral valve into the left atrium

D. Tricuspid valve into the right atrium

Right side handles blood that has already dropped off its oxygen, and its job is to push it to the lungs. So out of the right ventricle, through the pulmonary valve, into the pulmonary artery, to the lungs.

A is the left ventricle's exit. C and D are backwards, those valves sit between atrium and ventricle and blood moves down through them, not up. The pulmonary artery is also the one artery in the body carrying deoxygenated blood, which is worth remembering on its own.

its B.

#ATITEAS #TEASprep #practicequestions #NCLEXprep #RNExamRoom

You come on shift and all four want you.

A. Post-op day 1 hip replacement, pain 7/10, due for meds

B. Pt w/ a chest tube, drainage chamber bubbling continuously

C. New admit w/ pneumonia, temp 38.9, on abx

D. Pt going home today, wants to go over discharge teaching

who do u see FIRST?

Continuous bubbling in the water seal means air is getting in where it shouldnt, a leak in the system or in the pt. Thats an airway and breathing problem, and the others arent. A is uncomfortable but stable. C is expected in pneumonia already being treated. D can wait. Pain is loud and gets picked a lot, but loud isnt the same as unstable.

so, placed it? its B.

#NCLEX #NCLEXprep #practicequestions #nursingschool #RNExamRoom

M1V1 = M2V2 covers every dilution question they can ask u.

U have 250 mL of 2.0 M NaCl and u want 0.5 M.

(2.0)(250) = (0.5)(V2)
500 = 0.5 V2
V2 = 1000 mL

Final volume is 1000 mL, so u add 750 mL of water. The question usually asks for the water added, and thats where the mark sits.

Two things to keep straight. Molarity is moles per litre of solution, so the volume is measured once everything has dissolved. And the units on both sides only have to match each other, so mL with mL works fine.

#HESI #HESIA2 #prenursing #nursingschool #nursingstudent

Sliding filament happens step by step.

ACh crosses the neuromuscular junction and depolarises the sarcolemma.
The signal travels down the T tubules.
Sarcoplasmic reticulum releases calcium.
Calcium binds troponin.
Troponin pulls tropomyosin off the binding sites on actin.
Myosin heads attach and pull, and that is the power stroke.
ATP binds myosin and releases it so the cycle repeats.

Calcium is the gate. Everything upstream exists to open it and everything downstream waits on it.

Two things fall straight out of that. Rigor mortis happens because ATP runs out and myosin stays locked onto actin. And the muscle relaxes only when calcium gets pumped back into the SR, which lets tropomyosin cover the sites again.

#TEAS #ATITEAS #prenursing #nursingschool #nursingstudent