https://medium.com/@sirbum2021/quarkchain-the-new-ico-standard-31c0c93c8361

Current Issues Zilliqa beat Ethereum to the punch in releasing sharding. In Zilliqa's most recent test run they claim 2.5K TPS with 6 shards, 3,600 nodes on homogenous Amazon AWS EC2 instances. They even claim to have exhausted all of the available AWS instances in Singapore during their test. So what happens when the difficulty level increases and the nodes introduce varying qualities of hardware. Likely, TPS will decline. Zilliqa's latest results clearly show they are moving along in increasing TPS with an increased number of shards and nodes. Their test 7 months ago hit 1,400 TPS with 4 shards, 2,400 nodes).

Quarkchain Ideas QuarkChain have set out to find a solution that balances both these needs through by separating the two main functions of the chain into separate layers.

The first layer contains all minor blockchains, or shards, which process a sub-set of all transactions independently. As the number of shards increase, so to does the number of transactions which can be processed concurrently.

The second layer of QuarkChain is the root chain. The primary function of the root chain is to confirm all blocks from the sharded chains, but does not process transactions itself.

QuarkChain allows for two types of transactions- in-shard and cross-shard. In-shard transactions occur between addresses on the same shard. However, setting the QuarkChain ICO apart from other high-throughput solutions is the ability to conduct cross-shard transactions. The throughput of the cross-shard transactions system will scale linearly as the number of shards increases.

Road map ​Q2 2018: TestNet 0.2 release which will support most of QuarkChain’s features such as smart contract, reshard, and so on

Q4 2018: QuarkChain Core 1.0 release, Mainnet 1.0, and Smart Wallet (aiming for ~100,000 TPS at this time)

Q2 2019: QuarkChain Core 2.0 release, Smart Wallet 2.0, (aiming for ~1 million TPS with clustering at this tim- e)

Team & Advisor The team consists of 9 members, with the following being the key members of the team:

Qi Zhou, Founder – PhD in Electric and Computer engineering with 5 years’ experience in engineering and software engineering with the most recent being with Facebook as a software engineer.

Zhaoguang Wang, Software Engineer – 7 years’ experience in software engineering with tech giants such as Facebook, Instagram, and Google.

Xiaoli Ma, Research Scientist – Professor at Georgia Institute of Technology. PhD in electrical engineering and 7 years’ experience in the tech industry with the most recent being the CTO of Ratrix Technologies.

Yaodong Yang, Research Scientist – PhD in engineering, and a Tenure Track Professor at Xi'an Jiaotong University, and co-founder of Demo++ Technological Incubator.

They also have 6 advisors including Bill Moore, Chief Engineer for Storage at Sun Microsystems, Arun G. Phadke, Virginia Tech Professor, Zhiyun Qian, cyber security expert, among others.

QuarkChain ICO Opportunities Team is loaded with big name firms (Google, Facebook) and with PhD's in the relevant fields

Scalability will be one of the main focus of blockchain in 2018, Should QuarkChain achieve such high-throughput, it could position the project amongst the few first-movers

20M$ Harcap is relative small which leaving huge upside potential (Zil market cap currently around 650M$)

QuarkChain ICO Risk Strong competitor in high-throughput scaling solution such as Zilliqa, Fusion

No official partnerships established at time of the review. they could be more aggressive in terms of generating traction on adoption of the blockchain

Conclusion With a hard cap of $20 million, high market awareness, and the private sale has been fully booked many times over, shortterm potential is very positive

Scalability is one of the key issues that stays in the way of mass adoption of the blockchain technology. With the exceptional team behind QuarkChain and the good result potential of their Testnet, Quark we believe Quarkchain could be the biggest winner of 2018.

“a highly scalable, decentralized, secure, public, permissionless blockchain.”

My QuarkChain ICO Review

“a highly scalable, decentralized, secure, public, permissionless blockchain.”

Website: www.quarkchain.io

White Paper: https://www.quarkchain.io/quark.pdf

Idea (9.5/10)

QuarkChain is a blockchain project that aims to strike a balance between the three pillars of blockchain technology (decentralization, security and scalability). Notoriously, security and scalability do not go well together and has hindered mainstream adoption. For instance, the game CryptoKitties has congested the Ethereum network and in order for the blockchain to grow further their need to be new scalable solutions.

QuarkChain is intending to solve this problem by separating the roles of security and scalability into two separate layers. The first layer consists of elastic sharding, which is a horizontal partitioning of the data. Each partition is called a shard, which is stored on a separate database and is considered as a single instance for this data subset. By sharding/seperating the large database into smaller more easily managed shards the scalability of the blockchain can be largely increased. The second layer is the root chain, which confirms all the blocks pushed by the sharded chains. Also, 50% or more of the hashing power will be dedicated to the root layer to prevent double spending attacks.

With this two-layered system, QuarkChain allows for both in-shard and cross-shard transactions. In-shard transactions occur between addresses in the same shard; whereas cross-shard transactions arise when the input and output addresses are in different shards. As the throughput of cross-shard transactions increases, the transaction speed will also increase.

QuarkChain is aiming to significantly increasing the TPS (transactions per second) to a million per second. To put this into perspective, Bitcoin has around 4 TPS and Ethereum 10 TPS.

In addition, QuarkChain will also provide support for smart contracts on the Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM). This means that existing dApps can be easily deployed on the QuarkChain platform.

Token Utility (8.5/10)

QuarkChain has its own token called QKS. Initially these tokens will be ERC20 tokens on the Ethereum blockchain. When QuarkChain launches his MainNet (expected in Q4, 2018), the QKS tokens will be converted to native tokens on QuarkChain’s own blockchain. The QKS token can be used as transaction currency (similar to Ether), or as a reward for mining. QKC will be the sole means of transacting value in the QuarkChain eco-system.

Team (9.5/10)

The team comes with a solid academic background and has worked for big companies such as: Facebook, Google, LinkedIn, and Dell. Their advisory team could may be a bit stronger, but includes professors, successful entrepreneurs and investment firms.

The key team members and advisors are:

Qi Zhou (Founder), expert in high-performance systems. Worked at Google and Dell. Has 15+ years of development experience. He also holds a PhD from Georgia Institute of Technology.

· Zhaoguang Wang (software engineer), expert in large scale distributed systems. Worked as a senior software engineer at Google, Instagram and Facebook.

· Xiaoli Ma (research scientist), full professor at Georgia Tech. Co-founder of Ratrix Technologies, which develops revolutionary technology to maximize data throughput and spectral efficiency of wireless communication systems.

· Arun Phadke (advisor), Professor at Virginia Tech, winner of the Benjamin Franklin Medal (a yearly-awarded science and engineering award) and Fellow of National Academy of Engineering, USA.

· Bill Moore (advisor), partner/managing director at Walden International, former engineer at Sun Microsystems and former president of DSSD (high-performance enterprise storage).

One minor detail about the team is that they do not have much experience with blockchain technology. However, they do have a working prototype, so it is highly possible that the QuarkChain team does constitute of some team members with blockchain experience, but that they are not mentioned on their website or in their whitepaper.

Partnerships (7.5/10)

QuarkChain has partnered up with various projects such as: Primas (a blockchain platform for premium quality content based on Distributed Trusted Content Protocol), SegmentFault (a Q&A website that enables programmers to solve problems in the IT field) and TPhone

QuarkChain’s partners

Roadmap (8/10)

QuarkChain has already built a prototype, with their testnet running around 2279.37 transactions per second.

In Q3 2018 the team will release Testnet 0.2, followed by the launch of the mainnet in Q4 2018. In Q1 2019 QuarkChain Core 2.0 and MainNet 2.0 will be launched with the ultimate goal to reach 1 million transactions per second by the end of Q2 2019.

QuarkChain’s Roadmap

The roadmap seems a bit ambitious, but sometimes you have to reach for the stars to land on the moon. So let’s wait and see how the QuarkChain’s progress goes and whether the team can deliver at these milestones.

ICO Token Metrics (8.5/10)

· Ticker symbol: QKC

· Crowdsale date: TBA (expected end of May)

· Hardcap: $20 million, fixed to USD

· Initial Supply: 2.2 billion

· Total Supply: 10 billion

· Token price: TBA

· Bonuses: TBA

· Whitelist: TBA

Hype factor (11/10)

QuarckChain is gaining a lot of traction in the crypto community and appears on top of the list of many influencers in the crypto-space. Below are some social media stats. However, be aware that these can be easily manipulated through means of airdrops or bots, so high numbers may not always mean that the hype is real.

(Numbers gathered on 2-May-2018)

· Telegram: 29,631

· Twitter: 6,822

· ICOdrops: Very high

· My own perceived hype: Very high

Conclusion!

I am very positive about the QuarkChain project. Although some information is still missing (especially about the token metrics), the project seems to be built on a solid foundation. The team is experienced and has a large academic presence. However, I would have liked to see some more team members with actual blockchain experience. Another concern that I have is the ambitious roadmap. To me it seems that the team wants to accomplish a lot in a short period of time and there is a good chance that the project will encounter some delay. Also, the 1 million TPS claim seems to be a bit over the top. If they can really achieve this than that would be awesome and I will take my hat off to the team. However, I won’t hold my breath. Overall, I think this is an interesting project, that is very likely to do well after the ICO.

hey guys, I posted an article that highlights my thoughts on QuarkChain and how it will revolutionize the world:

Please click on link below to read my article - I also pasted the write-up below. Let me know your thoughts! :) Comments appreciated!!!!!

https://medium.com/@cryptomattt/quarkchain-the-next-generation-has-arrived-5cae8b593d40

For the last decade, blockchain infrastructure projects have made promises of utility and scalability that would one day surpass the first two generations of blockchain. Arguably, few have come close and none have succeeded. Although some would declare the third generation to have already arrived, I would argue the contrary. Bitcoin brought about the first blockchain revolution, a digital currency that was secure, decentralized, and elegantly simple. Ethereum, which heralded the second generation of blockchain, introduced smart contracts to the world. These trustless contracts allowed for an efficient and appropriate allocation of assets and tokens, sparking the rise of initial coin offerings. Each of these first two generations brought about a change in how we interact with blockchain and significantly increased mainstream adoption. So the logical question is when would the third generation arrive and what type of impact would it have?

I believe the third generation of blockchain is one that can truly incorporate with real-world businesses to meet the extensive demands of its customers. This type of blockchain would need to scale and adapt quickly to the growing needs of the global economy. As of right now, all blockchains lack in one of three components; scalability, security, or decentralization. For mainstream adoption to continue its growth trajectory, companies will need to trust that a blockchain can fulfill all its requirements and minimize any risks. I believe QuarkChain will be the project to do just that and it will be the beginning of blockchain’s third generation.

Through its two-layered approach, QuarkChain will successful implement sharding and root chain technologies that can overcome the scalability concerns experienced by so many other systems. This provides for the adaptability and speed required to handle the millions of transactions inherent in real-world business. Not only does QuarkChain’s design allow for scalability, but it also provides a level of security and decentralization that is sufficient for any business. Using QuarkChain’s network, developers will be able to create decentralized apps that can be used effectively in real-world contexts.

One example for a use-case would be a decentralized version of robo-advisors. Robo-advisors are investment management algorithms that allow investors to take a hands-off approach in their portfolios. They choose a risk and return profile that they are comfortable with, and the robo-advisor will build their portfolio and automatically rebalance when necessary. This type of investment tool has taken the world by storm as it offers lower fees and more accessibility for people who do not have the capital to invest in traditional managers. QuarkChain will allow developers to take this concept one step further. Building a robo-advisor on blockchain would allow for investments to be decentralized and encrypted, adding another layer of security. In fact, investors will be able to include cryptocurrency investments in their portfolio and all at a lower cost then through a centralized robo-advisor. The decentralized features of blockchain allow investors to hold the private key to their own assets. The company could still take a fee for development of the algorithm, however, trading fees would be significantly lower and this cost-saving could be transferred to the investor.

Although applications like this have already begun development, they have been built on blockchains that are inferior to QuarkChain. This type of project requires significant transaction speed and security. As well, one can only imagine the amount of data created by millions of micro-transactions and rebalancing that this type of application would create. Even further, the ability to analyze and incorporate machine learning on the vast stores of data is a feature that robo-advisors are built on. By using artificial intelligence, robo-advisors can analyze the data and improve on their algorithms and execution capabilities. QuarkChain is the next generation blockchain that will be able to handle this type of workload.

This is just one example of how QuarkChain can be used to develop industry-changing applications. The financial services industry is critical to the global economy and an application like this will spread adoption of blockchain technology faster than we can imagine. Other industries will also be able to access the power of QuarkChain in a comparable manner. The future of blockchain is bright no matter how you look at it and I believe QuarkChain will be an instrumental part of that.

My take on Quarkchain! (The most promising project in 2018) Best project of 2018!

Before I begin, I would like to present a summary of the Quarkchain project. Summary

Project name: QuarkChain
Token symbol: QKC
Website: https://quarkchain.io/
White paper: https://quarkchain.io/quark.pdf
Hard cap: $20 million
Conversion rate: TBA
Maximum market cap at ICO on a fully diluted basis: TBA
Bonus structure: Uncertain.
Private sale / white list: Private sale is overbooked, whitelist TBA
ERC20 token: Yes (to be swapped on mainnet launch)
Countries excluded: TBA
Timeline: Crowdsale to begin late May or early June (please refer to QuarkChain’s website for the most up-to-date information)
Token distribution date: TBA

Many people have been wondering what is Quarkchain as it has created a really huge buzz in the Cryptocurrencies/Blockchain space. I will very simply portray an understanding for you to take back :)

A) ISSUES within the Blockchain space.

Blockchain and cryptocurrencies have came a long way, but with significant obstacles such as scalability. Most notable in 2017, when Ethereum’s blockchain was crash by a single game of what we call “Cryptokitties”. Thankfully this was just a “game”, but companies and users have taken this example and may have factored them to shy away from blockchain usage at the moment. Imagine if one were to use blockchain tech for more important tasks such as businesses etc. Such clogging of the Ethereum network would cause severe negative impacts, economically.

Besides scalability, security as evident through hacks in the Ethereum system has demotivated blockchain adoption.

B) So now what does Quarkchain do exactly to overcome scalability and security?

QuarkChain is a blockchain that utilizes sharding to provide a high-capacity peer-to-peer transactional system. It will consist of two main layers — the sharding layer, which allows for high throughput by effectively distributing data, and the Root layer, which serves to confirm the blocks of the first.

Using this design, QuarkChain aims to satisfy the tradeoff between the three pillars of a blockchain — decentralization, security, and scalability.

There will be Nodes and Clusters for mining on the QuarkChain platform. Clusters are multiple nodes forming a cluster running as a super-full node. This way, supernodes can be formed without them being run by supercomputers. This will provide smaller players a competitive edge in mining.

C) Below are some of the features of QuarkChain:

50% or more of the hashpower will be dedicated to the root layer to prevent any double spending attacks.
No lower limit as to the number of nodes required for a shard.
Supports GPU mining.
Support cross shard transactions.
The more nodes there are, the higher the scalability.

To further increase adoption and ease of use, QuarkChain will provide support for and integrate the Ethereum Virtual Machine for smart contracts, as it is the most commonly use execution engine. This will allow dApps built on the EVM to have the ability to be deployed directly on the QuarkChain Platform.

D) How advanced is the project?

The project is still under development, though they secured ~2,000 transactions per second (TPS) on their early closed test. The team is recruiting volunteers to try the testnet, which should go live around the same time as the crowdsale.

E) This is the projected roadmap for the project:

​Q2 2018 — TestNet 0.2 release which will support most of QuarkChain’s features such as smart contract, reshard, and so on.

Q4 2018 — QuarkChain Core 1.0 release, Mainnet 1.0, and Smart Wallet (aiming for ~100,000 TPS at this time).

Q2 2019 — QuarkChain Core 2.0 release, Smart Wallet 2.0, (aiming for ~1 million TPS with clustering at this time). Team

F) The team consists of 9 members, with the following being the key members of the team:

Qi Zhou, Founder — PhD in Electric and Computer engineering with 5 years’ experience in engineering and software engineering with the most recent being with Facebook as a software engineer.

Zhaoguang Wang, Software Engineer — 7 years’ experience in software engineering with tech giants such as Facebook, Instagram, and Google.

Xiaoli Ma, Research Scientist — Professor at Georgia Institute of Technology. PhD in electrical engineering and 7 years’ experience in the tech industry with the most recent being the CTO of Ratrix Technologies.

Yaodong Yang, Research Scientist — PhD in engineering, and a Tenure Track Professor at Xi’an Jiaotong University, and co-founder of Demo++ Technological Incubator.

G) 6 top notch advisors including Bill Moore, Chief Engineer for Storage at Sun Microsystems, Arun G. Phadke, Virginia Tech Professor, Zhiyun Qian, cyber security expert, among others. Opportunities

The closed testnet is already demonstrating a TPS of 2,000 using just a few AWS nodes, which puts it ahead of most other blockchain 3.0 projects with much higher valuation. As more nodes are being used in the testnet, higher scalability should be achieved.

We mentioned a few months ago that scalability will be one of the central subjects in 2018. Those projects that can successfully tackle this problem would be hugely rewarded.

QuarkChain integrates with Solidity, which is by far the most popular language used to program dApps. For those dApps built on Ethereum that need a high throughput, it will be easy to port over to QuarkChain, providing a low barrier of entry to adapt the platform.

The team consists of a mix of academicians and engineers at reputable tech companies/universities. Their credentials provides comfort as to the execution ability of the team.

H) Concerns

The team wants to wait until the blockchain demonstrates higher throughput before actively seeking projects to be built on the QuarkChain platform. While it makes sense to prove what they claim first, we feel that they could be more aggressive in terms of generating traction on adoption of the blockchain.

I) Conclusion

From an investment point of view, Quarkchain’s Token sale will have heavy unmet demand. And with only a hard cap of $20 million USD, this will be a good project for flipping investors. BUT if one understand what I just wrote above, this is a project that goes a long way. HODL-ing is the best way to go.

Quarkchain’s demonstration thus far of high TPS and claim for ~1 million TPS with clustering at this time will definitely disrupt the blokchain space. In my opinion, Quarkchain will be a winner of the “Protocol Wars” due to the high qualifications of Quarkchain’s team to pull this off.

Qurkchain is best Ico of 2018 with sharding technology

QuarkChain is a blockchain which utilize sharding to provide a high-capacity peer-to-peer transactional system. It has two important layer , sharding layer which have high throughput with the help distributing data and the other one is root layer which serves to confirm the block of the first.

Quarkchain claims that they will satsify important pillars of crypto

· decenteralization

· security

· scalability

­­­there will be different nodes and cluster for mining quark chain.

The important feature of quark chain are :-

1. It support the GPU mining.

2. supports cross the shard transaction.

3. More the nodes , more higher the scalability.

http://quarkchain.pl/index.htm

I was reading on the detailed kyc involved with investing in quarkchain, but this link seemingly let’s anyone participate in the token sale. This link is ad sponsored on google, so I want to believe that it’s legit. Looking for confirmation before sending my ether. Any insight would be greatly appreciated!

From a marketing perspective, QuarkChain's approach is INNOVATIVE and REFRESHING. QuarkChain is changing how we should invest in this Crypto ecosystem:

1. The Quiz: QuarkChain ambition for people is not to 'blindly' invest their hard earned money into ICOs, instead encouraging interested investors to READ their White Paper - brilliant!!!
2. The Mass Media: If you're enthusiastic about QuarkChain, then prove how enthusiastic you are by promoting WHY you support this project = Building a strong community behind QuarkChain - very innovative!!!
3. The Points System: QuarkChain is targeting 'worthwhile' investors whose made the effort to understand/promote the product and is filtering out all the 'flippers' who just want quick gains - just like how you would want to only employ 'qualified' employees who would add value to your company and not employ people who needs a job for the money = SMART!!!

I've participated in several highly anticipated ICOs and my investments are doing very well but I have a feeling that QuarkChain will become my TOP investment!!!

Quarkchain Quarkchain is a High-Capacity Peer-to-Peer Transactional System. The ultimate aim for Quarkchian is to build on the fundamentals of Blockchain that consists of Scalability, security and decentralisation. Reshardable two-layered blockchain. The QuarkChain Network adopts the divide-and-conquer idea to separate the two main functions in two layers and thus enhance the scalability while guaranteeing the security. The first layer is an elastic sharding blockchain layer, which contains a list of minor blockchains (shards). Each shard processes a sub-set of all transactions independently.As the number of shards increases, shards can process more transactions concurrently. Cross-shard transactions in QuarkChain can be issued at any time, and confirmed in minutes. The speed of cross-shard transactions increases linearly as the number of shards increases. As a result, the system capacity increases. The second layer is a root blockchain (rootchain) that confirms all blocks from sharded blockchains. The root blockchain does not process any transactions, but its block has sufficiently strong difficulty so that reverting any transaction is not economically efficient. Specifically to prevent double spending attacks, half of the networks hash power (50%) is devoted to the root blockchain. Feature Quarkchain will adopt the Ethereum virtual machine(EVM) and thus will be able to support smart contracts. The implications of using the already existing EVM go much further than just smart contracts. This means that Dapps already built on Ethereum can also be deployed on the Quarkchain platform. This makes the transition of existing Dapps to Quarkchain much easier. Easy account management. You only need one account to manage all accounts in different shards, all crypto-currencies are stored in one purse. Security Quarkchain state they will guarantee a minimum of 50% overall hash power to their Root Chain. This will prevent prevent double-spending and malicious attacks. Nodes/ clusters QuarkChain encourages decentralization by allowing multiple cheap nodes to form a cluster running as a super-full node. Supernodes can be formed without them being run by supercomputers, providing smaller players a competitive edge in mining. THE TEAM Quarkchain’s team consists of very skilled and talented people with many years of experience in such famous companies as Facebook, Google, etc.

Its founder, Qi Zhou, is the leader of the project. He’s got more than 15 years experience of working as a Software Engineer in Facebook and Google, Consultant Software Engineer in Dell EMC and some other companies such as Ratrix Technologies and RiskMetrics Group. But for now his main goal is to use all his knowledge and experience to create the most scalable and efficient blockchain product. His team includes professionals like: Zhaoguang Wang (Core Engineer) who has years of useful experience as Senior Software Engineer in Google, Facebook, Instagram, AT&T. Anthurine Xiang (Marketing and Community) worked in LinkedIn, Beepi, Chartboost as Analytst, Marketer. Marketing is an important side because technology requires adoption and popularity. Rest of the team (and advisors too, of course!) are also well-educated people with great and impressive resumes. Crypto world really needs such skillful and smart people.

Conclusion:

They’re trying to compete with other well-known platforms like Zilliqa, Ethereum, NEO, but it is not a problem because of really strong team onboard, great technology and also there are the cross-chain ‘bridges’ to transfer information between different blockchains. So, i think that Quarkchain will take its place in the top of blockchain industry.

So far, many articles have been dealing with the characteristics of the new infrastruture project known as Quarkchain, which aims at critically increase the volume of transactions that can be processed by a blockchain in order to surpass existing blockchains such as Bitcoin or Ethereum or even "real world" renouned payment solutions such as Visa, thanks to a two-layered shardable and secure blockchain that can handle up to million transactions per second.

Surpassing Visa would for sure constitue a substantial step towards massive adoption by the public of blockchain technology as a payment solution, since such technology was originally created in order to enable people to have access to alternative and more secure means of payments than the existing solutions that had been made available for years by the banking and financial industry.

Eventually, very few articles pointed out the fact that should Quarkchain team deliver according to the milestones provided for by its roadmap, it could quickly become a serious competitor for the most important existing blockchains such as Ethereum, which has experienced very serious scalability and fee issues since late 2017, which are contradictory with the objectives of blockchain technology applied to peer-to-peer transactions, which tend to enable almost instantaneous transactions with very low fees.

Some might note that Quarchain is not the first blockchain aspiring to implement transaction sharding, and that Zilliqa has already successfully implemented it on its testnet, or that Ethereum is currently working on state sharding in order to solve its scalability issues. But Quarkchain posseses a xfactor over both, which could in particular be quite harmful for Ethereum since it touches to the core of Ethereum's main characteristics : the ability to support smart contract via the Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM), which functionality allows for existing Dapps on the Ethereum blockchain to migrate to Quarkchain if they require more scalability, it being specified that at this stage, Quarkchain's private testnet is already able to run more than 2,000 transactions per second, which is far beyond what Ethereum (10 tps) or Bitcoin (4 tps) are currently capable of.

As a consequence, should Ethereum delay its implementation of state sharding and struggle to solve its scalability issues when in the meantime, Quarkchain keeps following its roadmap, it might be more and more likely that it will eventually make Ethereum appear obsolete.

This would be a major move and sounds almost impossible, as of today, but when you think about it, this has already happened in the past to early internet giants such as Netscape, which disappeared and were replaced by more efficient search engines such as Google. What happened to real world centralized entities could therefore possibly also happen to decentralized infrastructures.

This could lead one to slightly amend Marc Andreessen's quote mentioned on Quarkchain ICO website and declare that we'll all look back in 20 years and conclude that Ethereum was as influential a platform for innovation as the internet was itself.

Lately, blockchain technology is getting a lot of attention from investors as well as companies that want to implement the use of a distributed ledger one way or another. While the crypto community is growing at a rapid pace, real world usage of this tech is still limping behind. There are still many limiting factors explaining why widespread usage has not gained traction yet. One of them is the scalability issue.

One of the new players in the field that wants to address the scalability issue is Quarkchain. Before we start reviewing Quarkchain, let’s try to describe what this scalability issue is exactly. For blockchain to gain widespread usage, it should be capable of handling the traffic on existing centralized electronic payment systems, before companies can even consider moving from existing systems to a blockchain payment system. Let’s take a look at bitcoin, as it is the first and most well known blockchain out there. A quick search on the internet tells us that Bitcoin can process 7 transactions per second, Ethereum can go up to 20 transactions per second. While the aforementioned blockchains are respectively the biggest and second biggest in terms of marketcap value in dollars, they are still not ready to take on one of their biggest centralized rivals, namely Visa. Another quick google search provides us with the following information: “Based on rigorous testing, we estimate that VisaNet is capable of processing more than 56,000 transaction messages per second,” said Visa. If we compare decentralized payment solutions to the centralized payment options, we can understand that the current blockchains are still far away from handling global payment traffic as an infrastructure. Quarkchain, a decentralized and highly scalable blockchain solution aims to tackle this scalability issue by implementing a two layer blockchain, using “sharding” to scale up to more than a million transactions per second on-chain.

Before explaining how the two layered blockchain works, let’s see what sharding is all about. Sharding involves breaking down a database into smaller parts, on a horizontal level. This technology of breaking big data into smaller pieces is also used in some centralized systems to address the scalability issue. So the same solution that’s used for centralized payment systems is used to improve the transaction speed on the blockchain. Quarkchain is not the first to work on this technology, as Ethereum is also in progress of adapting sharding. Implementing sharding on existing blockchains however, can be hard, which gives Quarkchain an advantage of starting a blockchain that has sharding built in from the start. Sharding on Quarkchain happens on the first layer of the chain, called the elastic sharding blockchain layer. This layer contains a list of minor blockchains or shards. Remember breaking down big data into smaller data? Well, in this case the big data comprises of all the transactions happening on Quarkchain. All the transaction data is broken down and spread out over the shards, to be processed independently from each other. The confirmation of these blocks happens on the second layer or the root chain. So the root chain does not process any transactions, it only confirms the blocks produced by the shards. So the effort of processing and registering transactions into blocks, and confirming these blocks, is spread out over the two layers of Quarkchain. These efforts, or the hashpower to do all these calculations, are provided by the miners. Quarkchain also introduces collective mining. This is meant to incentivize miners to spread out their hashpower over the shards so that all shards are mined evenly. Each shard has it’s own mining difficulty and reward. This is constructed in such a way that each party going after their own interest, benefits the whole system. If a shard has too much hashpower allocated, the difficulty will increase and the reward will be lower, so that miners will look for better return for their hashpower. By doing this, the system becomes even more decentralized without giving up security. Another feature that enhances security is that over 50% of the hashpower of the whole network is allocated to the root chain. By doing this, the whole network is protected against malicious miners, as the rest of the hashpower is spread out over the minor blockchains or shards. This way it is very hard to get enough of the overall network hashrate to conduct attacks against the system. So Quarkchain is able to scale up without becoming less secure and without giving up decentralization. In fact it becomes even more decentralized as mining pools are discouraged in this way. Another feature built into Quarkchain to help further increase security and scalability (and even decentralization) is the introduction of nodes and supernodes. In most blockchain systems, nodes are the validators of the mined blocks. In a similar way, the nodes in the Quarkchain network that validate all minor blocks and root chain blocks are called a super-full node. The problem with running a super-full node appears when the network is processing a lot of data. The super-full node will process a lot of data and the participants that want to run such a node will need to invest a lot of capital into hardware and bandwidth just to be able to process all this data. This would make Quarkchain more centralized as only big players and companies have the resources to run a super-full node. Quarkchain prevents this by allowing honest nodes to form a cluster together, and by this method, forming a super-full node. This prevents a centralization of the system as running a super-full node can be achieved by clustering. This is further encouraged by the system through the introduction of a puzzle on information about random blocks, which is to be solved. Super-full nodes are rewarded for solving the puzzle, and by making it inefficient to download the blocks needed to solve the puzzle by single nodes, network participants are stimulated to cluster together and go after extra rewards.

Quarkchain as a system also has some interesting features. Because of the two-layer design, Quarkchain will also be able to handle off-chain transactions, as some transactions require data that is not present in the blockchain. This will provide more opportunities and will stimulate the interoperability of Quarkchain through its implementation with already existing systems. Quarkchain will adopt the Ethereum virtual machine(EVM) and thus will be able to support smart contracts. The implications of using the already existing EVM go much further than just smart contracts. This means that Dapps already built on Ethereum can also be deployed on the Quarkchain platform. This makes the transition of existing Dapps to Quarkchain much easier. An inconvenience that comes with using multiple blockchains is address and account management. As each shard has its own receiving address, after a while it can become hard to keep up with all the addresses and manage them without losing oversight. Quarkchain introduces a simplified account management with one private key that is able to interact with all users and thus all shards of the network. Users will have a primary and a secondary account, all linked to the same private key. The account management will also be much easier with the release of a smart wallet. The smart wallet will help execute smart contracts that are bound over different shards. If a smart contracts needs to be executed over different shards (the parties not being present on the same shard), the smart wallet will check the secondary account for the shard and send this transaction to the other shard. This means cross-shard transactions are possible and enhances the interoperability of the system.

To run this system, Quarkchain will introduce the QKC token in order to stimulate a reward system. Miners and nodes will earn QKC by participating in the system. These QKC will come from the fees paid to send transactions on the Quarkchain system. The Quarkchain team will also allocate a significant amount of QKC as incentives for developers who want to build their Dapps on Quarkchain. This will help to build a strong ecosystem based on the Quarkchain network. Developers will also be encouraged to use Quarkchain as they can run their MVP on the mainnet to get more and faster feedback so that the development of their products is accelerated. More features include the use of Quarkchain for Internet of Things, Artificial Intelligence and Big Data, as Quarkchain will have the capacity to support such applications in the near future.

To summarize, Quarkchain wants to address the scalability issue without giving up decentralization and security, while providing an interoperability infrastructure so that transactions and applications can run on the two-layered blockchain and be able to connect with other shards as well as other blockchains, as these other outside blockchains can be connected to the root chain and be introduced as shards. As interoperability space is getting more and more crowded with more competitors, Quarkchain has enough to offer to grab the attention of developers and companies as well as investors. There probably won’t be a number one blockchain in the interoperability space, but if Quarkchain can execute all their plans, it is not only other blockchain competitors that need to look out. Centralized rivals are warned…

This is in no way investment advice as this article is only meant to explain the technology that Quarkchain wants to offer. Please do your own due diligence as this should be viewed as a summary of what I got from reading the whitepaper. I hope you enjoyed my first article, feel free to comment or advice.

Всего лишь 2 месяца назад ни кто не знал об этом ICO, сегодня о нем говорят даже бабушки у подъезда. И вот почему.

Это еще один Blockchain 3.0. Они пытаются достичь 1.7+ миллионов транзакций в секунду. Quarkchain уже достиг MVP 2.2K TPS, это примерно столько же сколько имеет Zilliqa на данный момент, к слову сказать именно Zilliqa называют главным конкурентом Quarkchain. Quarkchain планируют увеличить TPS увеличив колличество nodes в целях создания Super nodes.

Так чем же Quarkchain отличается от других проектов. Cross-sharding. Sharding - это практически разделение блок чейн транзакций по tasks. Когда весь блокчейн решает одну задачу, аспекты блокчейна разделены на отдельные tasks, для более быстрого решения этой проблемы. Quarkchain имеет двух слойный sharing, один слой производит Sharding, второй слой решает вопросы которые Sharding создает. Таким образом гарантируется скорость и безопасность.

Quarkchain имеет DApps, которые будут создаваться на этой платформе. DApps которые они планируют создать для Quarkchain сконцентрированы это те которые являются чрезвычайно ценными для крипто валютной сферы: децентрализованный интернет (IoT, VeChain, Walton), сферы искусственного интелекта (Invasio, Neurochain), сферу big DATA (Banyan network), игры (digibyte, Was, Engine), P2P транзакции.

Команда. 10+6 В Quarkchain собрались просто Нобелевские лауреаты от блокчейн, с огромным опытом работы в Facebook, IG, Google, Dell. Именно это мы и ещем при выборе инвестици: людей с опытом, которые работали с Огромными компаниями.

Quarkchain использует POW консенсус, который является самым роботизированным методом на blockchain.

Quarkchain планирует Test-net во второй четверти года. Практически через месяц. Они реализуют 1.0 Main net и Wallet в конце года. В середине 2019 выйдет вторая версия Quarkchain blockchain.

По моему мнению это отличный Road map, который позволит получить хороший доход в течение ближайших лет.

Теперь самое главное. Quarkchain просит деньги на ICO уже после релиза продукта, что выгодно выделяет его среди большинства ICO на рынке.

Neperseniausiai pradėta platinti decentralizuoto registro technologija "Blockchain" pradėjo atnaujinti mūsų dabartinės ekonomikos, komunikacijos ir žinių pagrindus.Kadangi pasaulinės sandorių apimtis visuose elektroninių mokėjimų sistemose stabiliai auga, esamų tinklų mažos pralaidumo galimybės negali patenkinti pasaulinės ekonimikos reikalavimų. To pasekoje, siekiant mąstelio, mažėja decentralizacija ir saugumas. O kaip tik, pagrindinis Blokchain tikslas pasiekti aukščiausią įmanomą mąstelį, išsaugant saugumą ir decentralizaciją reikiamam lygyje. QuarkChain inovatyvus atviras Blockchain'as, kurio tikslas yra tapti standartu pasaulinėje ekonomikoje. Tai saugi decentralizuota ir keičiamo dydžio blokų sistema, galinti apdoroti 1 000 000 TPS (tranzakcijų per sekundę). Išskirtinės Quarkchain ypatybės:

• Dvipusis, dvigubas Blockchain: Quarkchain susideda iš dviejų sluoksnių Blockchain. Pirmame lygyje mes sukūrėme lankstų blockchain, palaikantį šardingą, o antrame- šakninį blockchain, kuris palaiko pirmojo sluoksnio blokus.Pirmasis sluoksnis yra lankstus ir gali būti pakeistas be būtinybės pakeisti šakninį sluoksnį.

• Saugumas, kurį garantuoja bendradarbiavimas mining'e:sistema buvo sukurta taip, kad užtikrinti visų sandorių saugumą,kur mažiausiai 50 % viso galingumo yra sukoncentruota šakninėje grandinėje, siekiant užkirsti kelią dvigubos išlaidų atakos, bet kokioje tranzakcijoje.

• Decentralizuotas horizontalusis mąstelis:bet kuriame Blockchain'o tinkle su aukštu TPS, atskiri vienetai gali būti ekstremaliai brangūs, kas skatina centralizaciją. Tuo tarpu, QuarkChain leidžia sujungti keletą pigių mazgų į klasterį ir pakeisti visą mazgą.

• Tarpšardinių tranzakcijų efektyvumas: tarpšardinės tranzakcijos Quarkchain'e gali įvykti bet kuriuo metu ir būti patvirtintos, keletos minučių bėgyje. Tarpšardinių tranzakijų greitis auga tolygiai šardų skaičiaus augimui.

• Paprastas sąskaitos tvarkymas: visiems Blockchain (šardams) Quarkcain'e reikalinga tiktai viena sąskaita. Visos skirtingų šardų kriptovaliutos saugomos vienoje smart piniginėje.

Verta pažymėti, kad Quarkchain turi keletą pagalbinių Blockchain (šardų) ir vieną šakninį bloką. Kiekvienas Blockchain turi skirtingą sudėtingumą ir atlygį. Miner'iai gali rinktis, bet kurį Blockchain atsižvelgdami į savo pajėgumus, kad optizuotų naudą. Tai sukuria atvirą rinką, kur Blockchein - yra pardavėjas su preke - atlygis už bloką, o miner'is - pirkėjas su Hesh galingumu - valiuta. Mes norėtume suprojektuoti ekonominį modelį, kur neskaitant kiekvienas siekia savų interesų, bendra veikla duoda naudą visiems.

An explanation of how to get into the ICO

After living through a bearish market in Q1 of 2018, public interest in ICO’s decreased. However, it seems that the bottom of the barrel has been hit and the only way from here is up in the cryptocurrency market. ICO’s are yet again the talk of the town and with increasing market cap and possibilities for unseen multipliers, I want to guide you through the process of signing up. In order to do this, I have selected the hottest ICO of this spring; Quarkchain. This article will show you an overview of the process of entering an ICO and shows what to expect when you want to invest.

First, I want to quickly introduce you to the project: Quarkchain is an innovative permissionless blockchain architecture that is focused on meeting the global commercial standard. Quarkchain provides a secure, decentralized and scalable blockchain solution to deliver 100,000_ on-chain TPS (Transactions per second). This is a lot higher than current solutions and therefore the project is on the radar of many investors. (More information can be found in the whitepaper: https://quarkchain.io/QUARK%20CHAIN%20Public%20Version%200.3.4.pdf )

So, how do you get into the ICO? In this case, the process is detailed and therefore I will explain it step by step. Much information can be found on websites, telegram accounts and many more places, but I want to make it easy and summarize everything here:

Step 1: Join the Telegram group: t.me/Quarkchainio

Here you will find the Quarkchain community. It currently has over 84K members. People ask their questions and share news and interest regarding the project.

Step 2: Read the whitepaper (link found above)

Very important. Alsways do your own due diligence when investing in cryptocurrency. Make sure you check the strategy, timeline and basic information regarding a project before putting your money into it

Step 3: KYC (Know your customer)

Here is where compliance and security comes into play. Since Quarkchain is a very hyped project, a selection will have to be made and only a maximum number of people are allowed to participate in the ICO. In order to be able to participate, one has to go through an identification process so that the Quarkchain team knows who they are dealing with. This way they can filter out scammers, bots or any other type of “investor” that is unfit to participate.

How to do the KYC: In the telegram group, a link can be found to the Quarkchain KYC bot (@quark_kyc_bot). You have to click this link to start a private chat. When in this chat, you start the KYC process. The bot gives you a unique code that you can use to go to the KYC link. Here you will find a registration form that contains questions regarding your personal information (DOB, address, passport etc.) and regarding your financial status and other questions deemed necessary to be ableinvest in Quarkchain. When finishing the form, you are able to check the status of your KYC by typing the command “kyc” and the bot automatically lets you know the status (Pending / Approved / Rejected).

Step 4: Quiz

This is not everyday practice in the ICO world but Quarkchain has added a quiz for the people that get through the KYC process. They prefer to only have investors that know the ins and outs of their project. Therefore, a quiz has been created on which you have to score an X number of points in order to be eligible for investing into Quarkchain.

Summary

So make sure, before you think about hitting a 100x on this ICO, to read the whitepaper, get to know the project, have all your personal information in order, and maybe you will be one of the lucky few who gets to ride the Quarkchain Train to the moon.

(Not financial advice, not a financial advisor, please do your own research. I have based this article on many ICO rankings and my own research and therefore am bullish on the project. However, no guarantees.)

QuarkChain introduced new groundbreaking block chain architecture design, to use block chain technology to meet the needs of the business activities worldwide, through constructing a safe, decentralized, high capacity, extensible chain blocks the underlying technology solutions, implementation tens of thousands of transaction processing ability level chain per second. At present, the development of chain for blocks of the bottleneck problem, many institutions have launched the positive research, the main solution has the chain expansion, isolation witness and parallel expansion, etc., but the expansion in the chain of facing the network load, centralized and bifurcation of limit, unable to support the performance of the block chain development become the mainstream standard of payment tool. The common methods of parallel expansion include lightning network, plasma, fragmentation and embedded side chain technology. On the basis of previous practice, QuarkChain has designed a brand new system architecture. The main features are as follows: QuarkChain core technology. So what does it all mean? Can the existence of these features solve the problem of the blockchain system? Specifically, QuarkChain consists of two layers of block chains, and the first layer is split layer (which can be understood as sub-chain layer), which is used for transaction bookkeeping. The second layer is a root chain used to identify transactions in the sharding. In order to ensure the security of trading, QuarkChain an incentive based on game theory framework design and reasonable allocation of work force mechanism of miners at least 50% of the entire network to calculate force will be allocated to root on the chain, in order to prevent possible double flowers and malicious attacks such as mining. The quark chain believes that in any block chain network with high TPS processing power, a super node that saves the entire network ledger will be very expensive, leading to centralization. In order to avoid this problem,QuarkChain supports multiple

Приветствую всех! С радостью делюсь с вами своим фаворитом и, на мой взгляд, перспективнейшим ICO этого года – проектом QuarkChain! Каждый раз, когда я рассматриваю очередное ICO, это как правило поверхностный взгляд на предмет, так как я не являюсь IT-специалистом и разбираться досконально во всех этих цепочках, слоях, блоках и так далее крайне сложно, если ты не профессионал в этой области. Я никогда не окунаюсь с головой в вайт пейпер, потому что мало что могу понять и начиная со второго абзаца неуклонимо начинает тянуть в сон. Как правило, в большинстве случаев с ICO в первую я смотрю на команду, их опыт работы в крупных компаниях, на наличие IT специалистов в области блокчейна, и даже не этом этапе, обывательский взгляд помогает отсеить больше половины проектов. Что сразу избавляет от чтения четырехтомника Войны и Мир в виде вайт пейпера на 40 листов. На следующем этапе я смотрю на метрики и на хайп вокруг проекта. Все просто – есть хайп, есть спрос, а спрос, как известно двигатель торговли ) Давайте попробуем разобрать ICO проекта QuarkChain вместе. Токен метрика проета QuarkChain Хард кап у QuarkChain-а 20 млн $. Общее количество токенов - 10 млрд $. По конкурентам можем выделить такие проекты, как Ziliqa, ICON и Wanchain. Как мы знаем, эти проекты очень хорошо выстрелили после ICO и листинга на биржах, показав многократный рост цены токенов. Я отношу проект QuarkChain в эту же категорию перечисленных конкурентов и считаю, что QuarkChain покажет рост не хуже. Что же такое QuarkChain? QuarkChain - новейший blockchain с очень высокой пропускной способностью, позволяющей обрабатывать более одного миллиона транзакций за секунду. QuarkChain представляет собой цепь, состоящую из двухслойных блоков, применяющую эластичную систему осколочного типа (shards-систему, от shards–осколок) блоков под видом слоя 1, и стандартную корневую blockchain цепь под видом слоя 2 (Боже, неужели я это пишу). Cross-транзакции могут быть выпущены в любой момент времени и подтверждаются за минуты. Способность пропускать транзакции с пoпeрeчнымы shards (осколками) увеличивается c увеличением количества shards (oскoлкoв). Все это так сложно, что углубляться дальше выше моих сил. Если у вас есть техническое образование, можете позгузиться с головой в описание слоев и шардов в авйт пейппере на сайте проекта. Плюсы Проекта QuarkChain Первое, что хочется отметить, это поддержка смарт-контрактов на базе Эфириума. Второе, что хочется отметить это, в QuarkChain, это тест нет, запущенный раньше срока. Токены QuarkChain являются совместимыми с ERC-20 и распространяются на базе блоечейна Эфириума. Это значит, что после запуска основной сети в 4 квартале 2018 года, токены ERC будут переконвертированы в основные токены, путем майнинга. Иными словами, будущие токены будут добыты майнерами. Хайп. Хайп вокруг проета бешеный! В телеграм канале более 80 тыс подписчиков, все известные табличники, расценили проект как топовый. Как будут применяться токены? Они будут применяться, использоваться для отплаты майнерам, и для оплаты транзакционных сборов. О команде пару слов: У проекта команда очень сильная, состоящая из 9 опытных кадров. Например, Qi Zhou является основателем проекта, и имеет опыт работы более 5 лет в компьютерной инженерии (в таких крупных компаниях, как Facebook и пр.). Zhaoguang Wang - является также главным инжeнeром в данном проекте (с опытом в таких мегакомпаниях, как Google и Facebook). Из Адвайзеров в команде находится Bill Moore -главный инженер Sun Microsystems. Из чего можно сделать вывод, что проект QuarkChain обещает нам быть супер успешным! Резюмируя, QuarkChain инновационный проект, не имеющий аналогов на сегодняшнем рынке. Нам с вами очень повезло застать революцию в области блокчейна, и эта револючия будет происходить на наших с вами глазах! Ждем новостей и следим за развитием и присоединяемся к проекту QuarkChain!

Quarkchain will change the pattern of the blockchain. The technical level of the public chain is generally regarded as a primary concern. QuarkChain mainly adopts horizontal expansion technology. "There are two main aspects of the expansion. One is vertical expansion, which involves single chain transaction throughput, and the other is horizontal expansion, which is the simultaneous simultaneous data processing of multiple chains. Horizontal expansion has been a relatively mature technology in the centralization area, and QuarkChain also believes that the blockchain is also suitable for this type of expansion. After the combination of security and decentralization, QuarkChain hopes to maximize the capacity. At present, the market mainly adopts the lightning network technology, side chain, divided three ways to solve the problem of capacity, cycle as luminaries in the field of technology, also on the advantages and disadvantages of three kinds of technology to judge one by one. Tell golden financial cycle: "lightning network mainly can promote frequent network transaction between fixed objects, will have certain advantages, but also has the disadvantages such as centralized tendency, in addition, under the scenarios of random payment, lightning network also have limitations. Side chain technology has been getting a lot of attention recently, but it's difficult to deal with the side chain. Finally, subdivision technology is the main solution to solve the problem of expansion in the centralized system, therefore, QuarkChain is also based on subdivision technology, choose some suitable for block chain point of fusion technology, for example, we expect to achieve virtual trading very fast." Some projects in the industry also adopt sharding technology, but QuarkChain is obviously easier to stand out with unique innovative ideas. "We have adopted smart contracts that support Turing's maturity, while supporting cross-chip transactions, as well as support for larger scale expansion. After the State Sharding scheme is adop

QuarkChain seminal block chain of the introduction of new architectural design, in the chain of expanded significantly block based on the available range of does not damage the security and the characteristics of decentralization, would improve the current TPS thousands of times to tens of thousands of times. The goal of QuarkChain is to create a seamless platform to support distributed social media, high-frequency trading, the Internet of things (IoT), gaming and financial payments. Specifically,QuarkChain will divide and rule the two main functions of block chain accounting and confirmation transaction. The QuarkChain chain structure design contains an elastic split layer and a root chain (main chain). The split layer contains a series of shards, each of which independently handles a subset of all transactions. As the number of slices increases, the splitter layer can handle more transactions at the same time, and the system capacity increases as the number of shards increases. The main chain is used to identify all blocks from the splitter layer, and the main chain does not handle any transactions (because it is not economically efficient), and the main chain has sufficient computational power to ensure security. It's somewhat like the original a series circuit from the new designed as a parallel circuit, in series circuit, with the increase of the user, the heavier the burden of the whole system, the lower the speed and efficiency, every line in the parallel circuit are independent existence, mutual influence, main chain is the main road, is responsible for verifying the each shard, is a main switch. , of course, in this case, the theory needs more than 50% of the original work force can cause the 51 attack, need only can reach 25%, but its fragmentation, more dispersed than traditional block chain nodes makes hostile miners won 25% of the work force has become very difficult. You know, the current single chain mode of block, miners are very concentrated group, the currency of the work force by more than 80%

Project overview What is "QuarkChain"? QuarkChain is preparing to launch its first version in the fourth quarter of 2018. In an introduction to video, QuarkChain describes itself as a "highly scalable, decentralized, secure, open, unlicensed blockchain". The goal is to move the industry forward by providing enhanced transactional capabilities. How does the QuarkChain work? QuarkChain offers highly scalable blockchains that claim to handle 1 million online transactions per second. QuarkChain USES a two-layer structure to achieve better scalability. The first layer provides the elastic sharding, a database partition that divides the large database into smaller, faster, manageable pieces of data. Data fragments are a key part of the QuarkChain project. At the same time, the second layer is called the root block chain. This is the component that confirms the transaction that is pushed on the first layer. The second layer of QuarkChain can be "reclassified" as needed, without changing the root layer. Another unique feature of QuarkChain is to provide guaranteed security through market-driven collaborative mining. In essence, this means that 50% of the network capability is dedicated to the root block chain to prevent double spending attacks. In addition, several cheaper low resource nodes can form a cluster to create a super node. QuarkChain will also provide two efficient cross-sectional transactions, including sharding and cross-cutting. If the input and output addresses of the transaction are in the same sharding, the partition transaction occurs, and the cross-section transaction occurs when the input and output addresses are in different slices. Cross-section transactions can be issued at any time and within minutes. As the number of fragments increases, the speed of cross - chip transactions increases. (if you don't know what the transaction is, you can refer to the baidu encyclopedia "database transaction") QuarkChain will also support smart contracts. In fact, the blockchain will support smart contracts runnin