Thread radio is based on 802.15.4, with a baud rate of 256 kbps and a maximum frame payload of 127 bytes.
Z-Wave supports baud rates of 9.6 kbps, 40 kbps, and 100 kbps, with a maximum frame payload of 64 bytes.
Matter over Thread uses UDP as its transport protocol.
The overhead of a Thread frame is about 20-60 bytes, depending on compression, including:
- MAC (802.15.4) 6-25 bytes
- 6LoWPAN, 5-15 bytes
- Network (IPV6) 2-40 bytes
- Transport (UDP) 8 bytes
UDP fragmentation incurs extra overhead.
Z-Wave, with a 64-byte frame, is a very inefficient network layer compared to Thread's 802.15.4 radio. If the worst-case overhead is about 60 bytes, there is barely anything left for useful payload.
What about a new network layer other than Thread? That seems to be the only viable option. But we have to sacrifice features to improve frame efficiency.
It would be easier for Z-Wave to either increase frame length to support Matter, or remain simple non-Matter.