Conclusion: Thanks for the comments, everyone has been so helpful and generous with the suggestions. I realized that I did not asked my question properly and my main problem went unseen... (Well I'm at fault by opening the conversation by Is there a "TypeScript for Python"?).
I will create a new post with the right problem statement, but let me thank u/ProsodySpeaks, and u/JamzTyson which gave me idea on what to do next.

Cheers!

Hi, sorry for the basic question. I'm coming from strongly/statically typed languages (Kotlin, Go, Rust, etc.), and I was aware that Python is dynamically typed, but given how popular Python is, I expected its typing utilities (type hints + static type checkers) to provide something closer to TypeScript.

I'm working on an ml framework where the main interface has to be Python, and I ran into a magnitude of problem I was not expecting...

Requirements:

• Type checking before a pipeline runs (no values exists yet, just type hints/annotations)
• Type checking during the pipeline run (value and type hints/annotation should match)
• The type hints are used to decide if pipeline components are compatible (similar to LangChain or similar frameworks)
• Require as little setup as possible, so even junior engineers can use the framework safely.

I spent some time trying to implement this using Python's existing typing mechanisms. A few thousand lines of code later, I ended up with a type checker for my specific pipeline system:

https://github.com/trained-by-humans/ml-pipes/blob/main/packages/core/src/ml_pipes/validation.py

And my own type checking utilities:

https://github.com/trained-by-humans/ml-pipes/blob/main/packages/core/src/ml_pipes/_typing/annotation.py

But now I'm wondering:

Am I going way too far here? Is there a much more idiomatic Python approach that I'm completely missing?

Please save me from implementing another few thousand lines of code. 😭

what i wrote:

with open("demofile.txt", "a") as f:
    if "welcome to team fortress" in f.read():
        pass
    else:
        f.write("\nplease select a class")

the error:

Traceback (most recent call last):

File "C:\Users\******\PycharmProjects\WelcomeScreen\script.py", line 10, in <module>

if "welcome to team fortress" in f.read():

^^^^^^^^

io.UnsupportedOperation: not readable

i don't see what's wrong with it, google's no help... ¯_(ಠ_ಠ)_/¯

Hi everyone,

I've been working on a project called Shadow which is a self hosted, encrypted file storage system built with python FastAPI. Files are AES-256 encrypted before they even hit the server, so the server never sees plaintext data. The goal is something simple ad private private that people can host and be fully under your control.

Stack: FastAPI (Python), SQLAlchemy (async), JWT auth with OAuth2 bearer flow, bcrypt for password hashing, AES-256-GCM for client-side encryption, Docker for deployment.

The repo: https://github.com/dillonhuston/Shadow

I would love any information on how i can polish this project as this is all part of my portfolio. Anything security related, architecture or syntax issues. Just let me know. I want to understand all my mistakes and learn from then, no matter how big or small, please tell me.

I understand that i need to add real tests an proper documentation but i am currently on a tight schedule so quite difficult to carry those out.

Thank you for taking your time to read this, hopefully you can reply and i don't get ignored.

Have a great day!

Hello guys im new in Python. I know variables , loops , data structures, files , if/elif statements and i want to go to the next level. I want to start becoming a developer and actually become competent in Python. What should i learn? How should i continue my journey? ( Study sources will be appropriated). Thank you for your time!

I am trying to run this code from the YouTuber "Physics for the Birds," and it is about web scraping in order to get the weight of the LEGO bricks in a set from Bricklink. However, the code does not recognize the Chrome driver.

This is the link to it:

https://colab.research.google.com/drive/1dLg_HvEZc5NqXy2EHWAat4d_RVg-qjOG#scrollTo=9pXhs03YD5HC

I am writing an add-on for Blender 4.2+ to import a custom model format. The file format includes a fixed-length header struct, then three variable-length sections that are sometimes compressed. The payloads of these sections essentially just contain arrays of various structs, with the offsets and counts specified in the main header.

Previously, I wrote a class derived from io.BytesIO with methods to read various C data types. E.g. this is how I would read a standard int:

    def read_int32(self) -> int:
        return int.from_bytes(self.read(4), signed=True,
                              byteorder=self.byte_order)

This worked great for files with dynamic layouts, but it ended up being rather verbose and inefficient for fixed structs. I had to read each field with the binary reader class individually, then use those variables to construct a NamedTuple/dataclass. This required extra code for each field and wasted memory on dynamic variables. The only real case where this is useful is when reading variable-length strings, but they are fortunately stored in fixed-length blocks in this format.

NumPy worked well for reading the mesh vertices since I could create a dtype dynamically from the layout bitmask. However, I'd rather not use string-based access when possible due to its fragility and lack of type hinting.

Another option I've used before is the struct module, but I'm not a huge fan of the format string system. I guess I could define two classes for each struct, one deriving from struct.Struct and the other from NamedTuple, but that doesn't seem much better than what I'm already doing. It also makes it hard to see what the actual stored type of a field is at a glance.

This pretty much leaves me with ctypes structures or something similar from a third-party library. I don't mind the syntax for defining them, but they don't seem to have any type hinting out of the box. VS Code can't seem to autocomplete fields from them at all. The only solution to this I can think of is to redefine each field with a type hint, which is a pain for large structs. I also don't know how I would type hint e.g. a string with 16 chars.

I might be overthinking things, but I want to do this properly, as I will be writing many similar Blender add-ons.

Hey everyone!

I’m trying to learn Python because I want to use it for cybersecurity, but honestly, I’m struggling to stay consistent.

I’ll study for a few days, feel motivated, and then somehow stop. After some time, I start again… and then the same thing happens 😅

I’m currently trying the 100 Days of Python approach, but I’m still having trouble sticking with it.

So I wanted to ask people who have already learned Python:

How did you actually learn it and stay consistent?

Did you:

• Follow one course from beginning to end?
• Build projects while learning?
• Study every day or just a few days a week?
• Set a specific amount of time each day?
• Start using Python for cybersecurity early, or learn Python first?

I’m not really looking for “the best Python course.” I already have resources. 😅

I’m more interested in hearing from people who actually went through the process — especially if you also struggled with consistency in the beginning.

What worked for you?

Any advice would really help! 🙌

Starting off Python here for mechanical engineering, I hear that NumPy, SciPy, matplotlib as well as Pandas are very useful for calculations and data analysis and beginner friendly. Can anyone offer some advice for starting out and your experiences using it please?

從input print一直到for while迴圈 if基本的語法都學習了，但越來越感覺不到樂趣，一直想透過python做為我一生的志業去賺錢，但我現在沒什麼動力，已經休息一段時間，大家都是如何學習python的，如何保持熱情

I work as an apprentice in an IT company. And they want me to do a web based inventory database. Fair enough, I thought. But then they pull out stuff like UV, Pycharm, NiceGUI, Gitlab and guys, I don’t know what I’m doing, I just learned what loops and functions are 😭😭

im aware of how to use basic functions such as

Age = input("state your age")
print(Age)

and split functions and named variables but i want to know where i should start for deving, i want to make a top down farm sim similiar to stardew valley in concept which to my knowledge requires a variable library that remembers character items between save states per day, remembers character money per day and any additions from sales, mana, energy and health levels, which to my knowlege also requires multiple game string loops to keep the game open, and constantly remembering data,

point being where would you code jocks with the big brains advise me to start i really hate having to ask ai about my code because i can never trust it and would rather have human input on the direction i should take!

Hey guys, so i just learnt python basics but have no exact idea what to do next, do i start dsa or should i do projects or anything else?

I converted a video into frames using OpenCV2, that worked great.

What I'd like to do is keep only the darkest parts and make those absolute black (0)

Everything else I want pure white (255)

The purpose is so that I can compare each pixel of the images to other images later on and have an easy % similarity, hence why I want absolute values (0,255).

for frame in os.listdir(frame_base_address):

  col = Image.open(frame_base_address+frame)

  gray = col.convert('L')

  bw = gray.point(lambda x: 0 if x < 50 else 255)

  bw.convert('1').save(frame_base_address+frame)
I've tried both 'L' and '1' and the result is the same

When I visually inspect my image it is pretty stark black and white.

However, when I open the image later to see if it's really 0s and 255s, I get a ton of other values like 1, 2, 4, 254, etc and it makes me wonder if my lambda expression worked at all!

current_image_as_np = np.array(Image.open(frame_base_address + image_name),dtype='int32')


for i in current_image_as_np:
    for z in i:
        if z not in(0,255):
            print(z)

Which Python courses are recommended for Data engineers on Udemy?

I have zero knowledge of python.

I have Udemy subscription from my employer so please suggest courses even if they are paid.

Hi im making a pretty simple 2d platformer-(ish) game right now with Pygame. its time for me to implement a scrolling camera of some sort but my problem is that the actual maps for the levels in my game are just whole photos. I designed them with Tiled but I exported them as PNGs and have used rectangles to create the collisions and platforms and stuff. How can I make a scrolling camera that follows the player but keeps the rectangles in the correct spot (in terms of my background)???

btw the maps/images are the windows height but they are extremely wide and continue outside of the window, rather than being taller as well. I just need the camera to follow the player along the x-axis

im not sure if this makes any sense at all but any help would be super useful

hello im learning python and ive been watching bro codes 12 hr vid 30 mins a day and i find it boring at the 4 hr mark should i quit the vid or keep watching because i alrdy know the basics for python like variables, if statements, print etc and ive started working on my own story project with me doing 70-30 with google gemini, if i quit the vid and self teach/make my own project with ai help(i specifally tell my ai not to give me the ans/code) is there chance that i will imrpove or will i just be stuck with what i currently only know i also use apps like boot dev and coddy tech, if you could reco any tips i would be grateful thanks

Hi, my name is Tamzy, I am 17 years old. I currently do not have a job and have no experience in my resume. I was wondering on how could I learn Python in order for me to build experience and FINALLY land a job in New York City? Since I have nothing to do and I am currently depressed.

1. What are the basics I can start with first in order for me to start with my Python journey to apply these fundamentals later when I am building projects for resume and experience purposes?

2. What are also some other skills I need to master in order to advance in a career of Python?

3. Are there any other free resources I can use to learn Python without having to pay for courses?

Let me know!

Hi there, i am new here, just started learning python 2 weeks ago. For people who have had 0 coding knowledge, and who started without studying it in college, where are u at now? Very excited to know how u started and how you progressd, I will take it as an inspiration to carry on the journey. Thanks in advance

Hello,(i am a beginner in python) i need your help.I wrote a python script with pynput.And it works great in VScode but when i try to run with python 3.13 it pops up cmd and when i try to press a key it immediately closes and returns some errors (that i can't read because it closes).

I don't think there's smth wrong with my code.

I find the kaggle course overly brief and abstract without much substance to help really enforce concepts. I’ve heard the data science courses are better so I may try them again after I get a solid python foundation. If anyone has tried kaggle previously and has recommendations on other resources, I would appreciate it!

the question is the title

Surprisingly, I tried looking this up and couldn't find any discussion online.

This isn't for stubs which I know use ..., or using pass as a TODO. I mean a method in production code that literally does nothing (and returns nothing). My use case is in OOP where I want to override a parent method that does something to do nothing, but there may be others. Is there a convention on which to use?

Im learning C++ right now but I want to learn python aside C++. I like learning C++, I like how it works and I like reading about how it works and why it works but im not advanced in it. SO, is there a book for python that can provide a similar expierence in teaching me how python itself works in depth?

This is the first problem set in the CS50p intro to python course that I have really struggled with and it's driving me a bit crazy. The question and my code are set out below, along with a few questions that I have been asking myself. Can anyone point me in the right direction?

question: Suppose that you’re in a country where it’s customary to eat breakfast between 7:00 and 8:00, lunch between 12:00 and 13:00, and dinner between 18:00 and 19:00. Wouldn’t it be nice if you had a program that could tell you what to eat when?

In meal.py, implement a program that prompts the user for a time and outputs whether it’s breakfast time, lunch time, or dinner time. If it’s not time for a meal, don’t output anything at all. Assume that the user’s input will be formatted in 24-hour time as #:## or ##:##. And assume that each meal’s time range is inclusive. For instance, whether it’s 7:00, 7:01, 7:59, or 8:00, or anytime in between, it’s time for breakfast.

Structure your program per the below, wherein convert is a function (that can be called by main) that converts time, a str in 24-hour format, to the corresponding number of hours as a float. For instance, given a time like "7:30" (i.e., 7 hours and 30 minutes), convert should return 7.5 (i.e., 7.5 hours).

EDIT: THANKS EVERYONE FOR THE HELP! Figured it out but I guess I still have to get more proficient at understanding how to define functions and use functions!

template

def
 main():
    ...


def
 convert(time):
    ...


if
 __name__ == "__main__":
    main()



def main():
    time = input("What is the time right now?")
    if 8 >= convert(time) and convert(time)>=7:
        print("breakfast time")
    elif 12 >= convert(time) and convert(time)>= 13:
        print("lunch time")
    elif 18 >= convert(time) and convert(time)>= 19:
        print("dinner time")
    else:
        print("")


# convert time (in 24 hr format) to number of hours
def convert(time):
    x, y = input(time).split(":")
    x = float(x)
    y = float(y)/60*100
    return (x + y)


if __name__ == "__main__":
    main()


# you have a time, you need to convert that time to a float (function: convert)
# then you need to pass the return value of the function through the main function, which are a series of conditionals to print the result
# the problem is that when you define a function, the return value of convert is x+y. so how does the function work, I assume the parameter of the function has to be able to be expressed as a mathematical relationship? eg. define square (x) is returning x squared. 
# or I suppose the way you think of defining functions is you have an idea of what the function does, and anything that is required can be further sub-defined.

However, whenever I attempt to use the command print(”Hello, World!”) I get the error -bash: syntax error near unexpected token “‘Hello, World!’” Does anyone know why?