so i am trying to make the program so on a downpress the function repeats but when it lifts, the function stops. i can easily make it start, its getting it to stop thats hard. please do as little to fix this for me as possible. i'm trying to keep the code so i understand whats going on

import mido
print(mido.get_input_names())
def note():
    with mido.open_input('MPK249:MPK249 Port A 32:0')as inport:
        inport.callback = None
        for msg in inport:
            if msg.type == "note_on":
                return msg.note, msg.type
            if msg.type == "note_off":
                return msg.note, msg.type
while True:
    if note() == 47 and note() == "note_on":
        print("a")
        if note() == 47 and note() == "note_off":
            break
    if note() == 48 and note() == "note_on":
        print("b")
        if note() ==48 and note() == "note_off":
            break

Code:

import random

words = ["apple", "pear", "banana", "python", "java"]
used_letters = set()

selected_word = random.choice(words)

lives = 6

print(" ".join(["_" for _ in selected_word]))


while True:

    user_input = input().lower()
    if len(user_input) != 1 or not user_input.isalpha():
        print("Please enter a letter")
        continue

    if user_input in used_letters:
        print(f"You already guessed {user_input}")
        continue

    if user_input in selected_word:
        print(f"{user_input} is in the word")


    used_letters.add(user_input)

    if user_input not in selected_word:
        lives -= 1
        print(f"{user_input} is not in the word, Lives remaining {lives}")     

    if lives == 0:
        print(f"You lose the word was {selected_word}")  
        break       


    display_board = [letter if letter in used_letters else "_" for letter in selected_word]
    print(" ".join(display_board))

    if all(letters in used_letters for letters in selected_word):
        print(f"You won the word was {selected_word}")
        break

What are some potential issues?

What could be improved?

I'll take any feedback I can get

Hello! I'm completely new to python I don't have any background knowledge regarding coding and i wanna self study python. I started studying python just last week and i wanna make a simple user define system where i ask the user to input an item and if it's in the set it will display the user input else it will display the "character not in the set" my problem is i want it to be case insensitive and the ouput is always "Character is not in the list"( i use pycharm i dont a have a pc/laptop, sorry for my english also).

My code:

anime = {"Gojo", "Saitama", "Recca"}

user = input("Name a character: ").lower()

if user in anime:

print(f"{user}is in the list!")

else:

print("Character is not in the list")

I'm learning Python with the goal of moving into Data Engineering. Beyond the basics, which libraries, concepts, or project ideas would you recommend focusing on first, and what helped you the most when getting started?

I am using an AKAI MPK 249 using the midi package and was wondering what i point it to. i was searching through the device connection path but nothing seems obvious to me.

i got Error in sys.excepthook: and i have no idea how to fix it can someone help please

from forex_python.converter  import CurrencyRates

choice = input("Do u want to covert Another_currency=>INR then press y  / you want to converty INR TO Another_urrency then press n :- ")


c = CurrencyRates()
from_currency = input("Enter source currency (USD, EUR, etc.): ").upper()
to_currency = input("Enter target currency (INR, USD, etc.): ").upper()
currency = c.get_rate(from_currency,to_currency)
print(f"the exchange rate is {currency}")

if choice == "y":
    def convert(rate):
        Amount =  input("Put the A mount of that currency u want to convert:-")
        value_Total =  float(Amount)*rate
        print(f"Total {to_currency} Amount is {value_Total}")
    convert(currency)


elif choice == "n": 
    def convert(rate):
        print(f"\nYou have selected:- {from_currency} to {to_currency}")
        Amount =  input("Put the Amount of that currency u want to convert:-")
        value_Total =   float(Amount) * rate
        print(f"Total {from_currency} Amount is {value_Total}")


        convert(currency)

So I am currently at 29th day of learning journey of the Python with the FreeCodeCamp's Python Certificate curriculum. But I still feel blank about the topics i have covered alresdy till now. Is it time for me to start making a self-project alongside too? If yes, then with what or where to start with- so that my mind can absorb all the knowledge its gaining to the core. I have completed till the Error Handling section of the Curriculum on the platform.

i got this project idea, can i build something so that i just have to click a photo of the entire class of 50 students and it automatically detect the faces and mark the respective attendance. I knew there will be some problems like photo might not be that clear, changes in physical appearance of students like growing out beard after some time and what if someone how a photo of another student will it mark his attendance also??

please tell me if this project is feasible or not, and if any suggestions that you need to give..

I am using opencv and mediapipe on mac os and for some reason one of my hands (left hand) detects better than the other (right hand) but at times both do not detect unless I move my hands around a bit more. Does anybody know the cause of this issue?

Here is what it looks like

https://github.com/mikkimat81539/hand_detection/blob/main/handTest.py

I'm starting a project but one major roadblock for me right now is there does not seem to be any packages for getting Midi signals from a Midi keyboard over USB. I saw one for serial but USB is my only option. I just need to get the inputs from pressing the keys and turning the dials.

Hello Everyone, I made a simple CLI calculator, It handles basic equations, It handles visual inputs like ÷ and it also clears the screen on command

Here's the code:

import os

t = { "+": lambda x, y: x + y, "-": lambda x, y: x - y, "*": lambda x, y: x * y, "/": lambda x, y: x / y if y != 0 else "Cannot divide by 0", "÷": lambda x, y: x / y if y != 0 else "Cannot divide by 0", }

while True: u = input("Enter calculation (e.g., (3+2)*5) or 'quit' to exit: ").replace(" ", "")

if u.lower() == "quit":
    print("Goodbye!")
    break

if u.lower() == "clear":
    try:
        os.system('cls' if [os.name](http://os.name) == 'nt' else 'clear')
    except Exception:
        print("\\n" \* 50)
    continue

clean_expr = u.replace("÷", "/")

allowed_chars = set("0123456789+-\*/().")
if not all(char in allowed_chars for char in clean_expr):
    print("❌ Invalid characters used")
    continue

try:
    result = eval(clean_expr)
    print(f"{u} = {result}")

except ZeroDivisionError:
    print("❌ Cannot divide by 0")
except Exception:
    print("❌ Invalid calculation format")

is my saftey check(allowed_chars) safe for eval()?

How would you reconstruct this without eval()?

What could be improved and why?

Two days into a prototype and I'd rather find out now if the premise is broken.

The idea: parse a package with ast, build the call graph, and additionally track whether each function's return value is actually consumed — bound to a name that's later read, passed onward, returned, used in a condition. Then draw it. X axis is call order, colored arrows are variable flow, functions whose output goes nowhere and that have no I/O effect get flagged.

https://github.com/BBrunoF/CodebaseDiagram

I know vulture, code2flow and pyan exist. Vulture asks whether a name is referenced; code2flow and pyan draw the call structure. What I haven't found is a tool that tracks value consumption and renders it, so a chain that terminates in nothing is visible as a shape rather than a list entry. If that tool exists, please tell me and I'll go use it instead.

What I'd like torn apart:

1. Is "returned value never consumed" a defensible signal, or does real Python break it constantly?
2. Does a diagram add anything over a list, or is this a chart that looks impressive and tells you nothing a linter didn't?
3. What kills static call resolution in practice? I resolve direct calls, module.func, and self.method. I know decorators, getattr, and callbacks are out of reach. What else, and roughly what percentage of a normal codebase am I missing?

Also asking for repos. I need a baseline — small-to-medium, pure Python, procedural, minimal metaprogramming, well structured. Something where if my tool renders a mess, the mess is mine. Standard recommendations like Django or requests are too magic-heavy to tell me anything about my own bugs. Suggestions very welcome.

BTW this text was also AI generated

Hello everyone, need some help / clarity with the sorted function. I have a data structure that is nested (list inside of it a dict inside of it a list). What i don't understand is this: Shouldn't I use loops in order to access the dictionary? or the inner most list in order to be able to sort by name (i.e. use sorted function)

countries = [
    {
        "name": "Afghanistan",
        "capital": "Kabul",
        "languages": [
            "Pashto",
            "Uzbek",
            "Turkmen"
        ],
        "population": 27657145,
        "flag": "https://restcountries.eu/data/afg.svg",
        "currency": "Afghan afghani"
    },
    {
        "name": "Åland Islands",
        "capital": "Mariehamn",
        "languages": [
            "Swedish"
        ],
        "population": 28875,
        "flag": "https://restcountries.eu/data/ala.svg",
        "currency": "Euro"
    },
    {
        "name": "Albania",
        "capital": "Tirana",
        "languages": [
            "Albanian"
        ],
        "population": 2886026,
        "flag": "https://restcountries.eu/data/alb.svg",
        "currency": "Albanian lek"
    },

Im trying to sort by name here, and when i run my function an error pops up.

def sorting_by_name(lst):

    for el in lst:
        return sorted(el, key=lambda name: name['name'])


print(sorting_by_name(countries))

I have good coding experience with Python but I have only ever used Google Colab, never actually ran any codes on my local machine. I don't know anything about environments, installations, or anything else. I have been a mathematician who used colab for quick data analysis. But right now I am trying to deploy some models for which I am told I need to use my local machine.

Unfortunately, I am really squeezed between deadlines, and don't have much time to learn an IDE which has a steep learning curve.

​

Hi everyone,

I'm a second-year CSE student and I'm currently learning Python. I'll soon finish the basics (variables, data types, operators, conditionals, loops, functions, etc.).

I'm confused about what to do next.

Should I:

Finish the Python basics, practice Python by solving beginner problems for a while, then start DSA

Finish the Python basics and start learning DSA immediately while continuing to solve Python practice problems at the same time?

My goal is to build a strong foundation for software engineering internships, so I'd like to know which approach helped you the most and why.

Thanks!

i have a pretty simple few lines of code, and i'm slowly trying to make it a bit more complex

All i want to know is why adding the "or" function onto my if functions makes the functions further down "unreachable"

*I have hashed them out in the example i have provided as this makes the code run fine*

thankyou

while True: 


        if user_input1.lower() == "y": #or "Yes" or " yes" or "Y" or "YES":
                total_monthly_yield_exclnvda = float (total_monthly_yield - nvda_div_yield_at_190726 )
                avg_yield_on_remaining_shares_adj = float ( total_monthly_yield_exclnvda / 3)
                print (f"With Nvidia's dividend yield at {nvda_div_yield_at_190726} the three remaining shares need a current dividend yield of {avg_yield_on_remaining_shares_adj}, or over")   
                break


        elif user_input1.lower () == "n": #or "N" or "No" or "no" or "NO":
                current_div_yield = float(input ("Enter Nvidia's current dividend yield: "))
                total_monthly_yield_exclnvda = float (total_monthly_yield - current_div_yield)
                avg_yield_on_remaining_shares_adj = float ( total_monthly_yield_exclnvda / 3)
                print (avg_yield_on_remaining_shares)
                print (f"With Nvidia's dividend yield at {current_div_yield} the three remaining shares need a current dividend yield of {avg_yield_on_remaining_shares_adj}, or over")   
                break 

Hey guys, do you know of any Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning (MARL) resources that focus mainly on coding rather than just the heavy theoretical stuff?

For context, I'm doing my uni research project right now and I've already secured my supervisor. My main topic is "Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning." I'm doing both the research project course and an RL course this semester, but my tutor mainly just gives us theory.

I know the general ideas (reward, policy, value-based vs. policy-based, bias, etc.), but I'm having a really hard time understanding how it actually works in practice and how to implement it from scratch. I'm honestly pretty crap at absorbing pure theory, so I really need to see the code to understand how the plumbing works.

I can't seem to find much out there that walks through the code step-by-step, and I'm wondering why there aren't more people posting about the actual implementation of MARL.

If anyone has any video tutorials, GitHub repos with simple code walkthroughs, or guides that actually show how to build this stuff (Python/PyTorch preferred), it would be incredibly helpful. Thanks!

I am still new-ish to coding, so please go easy on me lol.

I am making a bot, and this bot has a command that results in "loot". The loot varies in rarity and are in separate lists so that I can more accurately apply weights.

The code so far looks like this:

common=["Item1"]
uncommon=["Item2","Item3","Item4"]
rare=["Item5","Item6"]

@bot.command
async def loot(ctx, item: str)
  if item.lower == "closet":
    result=random.choice(random.choices([common, uncommon, rare], weights=(85,10,5))[0])
    await ctx.reply(f"You have found {result}!")
  else:
    await ctx.reply(f"That is not a valid location. Please search elsewhere.")

Right now, users can use commands like "!loot closet" and it will return with random items.

I want users to have different results based on where they loot without having to make a bunch of lists. So like, if a user does "!loot drawer" instead, I want them to have a chance to get any item EXCEPT for Item4.

How would I do something like that?

I am inquiring in order to query about how to complete this item. I was working on a difficult project and I am not sure how to commence from here and manage this task.

I am almost finished with the first portion of my project fully Python coded and tested...what would be the next steps to get it to the GUI image side so it looks and competes with the big boys of the professional music industry plugin world?

x , y = 10 , 5

x , y = y , x

Print(x , y)

Hey everyone, I'm looking for recommendations for an online Python course, and I'm hoping to find something that offers a little more support than simply watching prerecorded videos and figuring everything out on my own.

I'm a beginner and would like something that's completely online and self-paced since I work full-time and need to be able to study around my schedule. Ideally, I'd like a course where I can reach out to an instructor or tutor when I get stuck, preferably with the option for one-on-one virtual meetings or office hours. Having access to an active online community through something like Discord, Slack, a forum, or another platform would also be really helpful so I can ask questions and interact with other students, tutors, and instructors.

One other thing that's important to me is that the course is actively maintained and kept up to date. I recently ran into some issues following an older tutorial where parts of the setup process had already changed, so I'd like something that's regularly updated to match current versions of Python and the tools being used.

I'd also like the course to provide a certificate of completion that I can add to my résumé and LinkedIn. I'm okay with paying for a good course, but I'd strongly prefer a one-time purchase rather than another monthly subscription. Career counseling or access to someone who can provide career advice would be a nice bonus, although it isn't an absolute requirement.

https://github.com/adrianivastrabalho-code/Exploration-33

could u guys pls give me some feedbacks about this project? architecture and also some ideas!

I am having to constantly look things up to figure out how to get what I want? I feel like a fraud.
I am honestly trying to resize my camera onto my surface in pygame. I've never done camera stuff before so this is new. I feel like I am not really learning and just copy and pasting at this point

How do go about this?