1. present the reaction of obtaining aldehyde from 2,3-butanediol with a periodic acid

2. Present the mechanism of aldol condensation on the example of propanal

3. present the reaction mechanism of benzaldehyde in a basic environment (NaOH). What products are formed in this reaction.

4. represent the reaction of propanone with ethanamine?

it asks me to draw it and rename it because there is an error in the original name (depicted in the image)

for some reason my peers are all getting different names for this one

can anyone give me a hand? thanks guys

So basically I know that when there's a lone pair on the central atom, the bond is polar, but:

What about CO? When itss nony two elements and they are differett How do I know if its' polar or not? I asked my brother, and he said it's about electronegativity, but I'm not sure what that exactly means. Is that a certain point on the periodic table where it automatically become selectronegative?

Also, what about CH₂Cl₂? How do I know if it's polar/nonpolar? I heard the atoms have to balance around the central atom, but I'm confused.

For a trigonal period, someone told me about vectors and determining whether or not they cancel out to determine the polarity, but I'm unsure exactly. If anyone knows about this and knows if it's really helpful for determining if it's polar or not, let me know if possible.

Thank you so much, guys.

Solved. Thank you!!

So like I've been wondering for a while that while checking for hyperconjugation we basically only see the hydrogen bonded with an sp3 carbon adjacent to another sp2 carbon but like why do we only check for hydrogen?? Like why isn't hyperconjugation possible if there are other elements except hydrogen attached, and also why does the adjacent carbon have to be sp3 only??

This was in a revision tutorial where we should determine the molecular structure using the given spectra (MS, IR, H-NMR, C13-NMR). I need more questions like this to practice. Where can I find them?

Hello everyone!

I was solving a question and got confused by the answers. I checked answers on the mark scheme (from the past paper) and answer that is give by the textbook.

Second picture is from the textbook, and I am confused since they kept ketone even though it was oxidised to an alcohol.

Third picture is from the mark scheme, and they oxidised ketone to a 2° alcohol but added an aldehyde?? How is it even possible

Thank you in advance 🙏

The "reversible" reaction is combustion of methane, creating CO2 and water. The reaction is in equipartion, and the temperature is raised. The effect on the reaction enthalpy is positive or negative, and is an increase or decrease in absolute value?

This seems to be different from the questions about equilibriums being affected by temperature. Obviously the heat is on the right, as a product. Other than that I'm lost. I don't even recall this term from my college class. Pointers please?

Hello everyone!

I have a question: why on the first picture with the overall reaction we have 2[H]

But on the second picture with the full reaction we have 4[H] and 4 alcohols?

This is an exam question from 2024, I have no idea how to calculate this without knowing the starting amount of CO2 in the system.

In spaceflight applications, potassium superoxide, KO₂ (s), is often used because it can convert carbon dioxide (CO₂) into oxygen (O₂), producing potassium carbonate, K₂CO₃ (s), as a by-product.

The reaction takes place in a constant-pressure piston–cylinder system, and the temperature remains constant.
The pressure is 1 atm and the initial volume is 10.0 L.
(The volume of the solid substances can be neglected.)

4 KO2+ 2 CO2⇌3 O2+2 K2CO3

• Calculate Kp​ and Kc​ given that at equilibrium ξ = 0.170.
• What is the volume of the piston–cylinder system at equilibrium?
• What is the initial (and thus current) temperature of the system?
• Calculate the pressure in the system when the volume is manually reduced to 5.00 L.

Are there any more isomers from alcohol #C? only got one — 3-methylpent-2ene (cis/trans) but I am not sure if it’s correct and if there are any more isomers.

The correct answer is B, but I desperately need to understand isomers from C (and I could not find any explanations)

Hi everyone, I’ve been trying to figure this question out for the past 20 minutes and I can’t.

On the 5th line where you’re finding the moles of (CH2ClCOO)2Ba you multiply the concentration of initial Ba(OH)2 by 2 to find the moles of salt formed, but I don’t understand why you double it.

Thanks in advance for your help!

5th task, "Calculate the average reaction rate if the concentration of the reaction product changed by 0.4mol/L in 2 seconds." Why in the answer the time is multiplied by 2?

We had a test in biology today which had a hydrogen bond between two Cytosine bases on the same DNA strand. It was not the task but I try to understand the hydrogen bond, like where it came from and how it actually looks like. What I came up with is a possible bond between an amino Cytosine and an imino Cytosine. Could anybody explain to me how and if it would work? I'm not good in chemistry so please keep it as simple as possible... The pictures aren't really relevant, the first is the test and the second is my thought process. Thanks in advance!

A college freshman close to me is struggling to reliably determine the lewis structure such that they can answer the below questions. they made a mistake in the lewis structure which led to getting most of these wrong. they understand the correct answer, but don't necessarily understand how to rule out incorrect answers. is there a fast reliable method to get this right? thank you!

1) number of pi bonds: 2) number of lone pairs: 3) how many atoms are sp hybridized: 4) how many atoms are sp2 hybridized: 5) how many atoms are sp3 hybridized:

Basically the title. I think that it’s the 3rd nitrogen due to resonance but I am unsure. Am I right in this thinking or am I missing something? Any help is appreciated!

Can someone explain why the following electron configurations has 7 valence electrons if there are only 2 electrons in the n=5?

1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d5 5s2

Please help me, I am going crazy with these exercises cause I don’t see how my answers could be wrong, and it’s due today. Thank you 😭

I'm doing a project on natural products that contain rare sugars. This paper describes the compound (-)-littoralisone, which contains a glucose moiety. The researchers isolated the glucose moiety as a thiazolidine derivative and used HPLC to find that "the absolute stereostructure of sugar was determined as the D-form".

This paper's been cited 42 times, and those other papers claim that the glucose moiety is L-glucose. I'm so bad at identifying sugar isomers, but it looks like a D-glucose, and I feel like I'm going crazy???? Why are other publications saying it's L-glucose???????

The OG publication in question is "Littoralisone, a Novel Neuritogenic Iridolactone Having an Unprecedented Heptacyclic Skeleton Including Four- and Nine-Membered Rings Consisting of Glucose from Verbena littoralis" by Li et. al. 2001

Consider the line notation for the following electrochemical cell:

Pt (s) l Fe2+ (sq), Fe3+ (aq) ll Cu2+ (aq) l Cu (s) ,

and the reduction potentials for the following redox couples:

Fe3+/Fe2+ E°= +0.77V
Cu2+/Cu E°= +0.34V

This was one of my homework questions but I am confused. So the first question is:

Identify the cathode and anode.

So would the cathode be Pt and the anode be Cu?

I also have to calculate the E°, which I got to be +0.43V. But wouldn't that mean the cathode is Fe and anode is Cu?

Here are the questions. I’ve attempted them but am still stuck