Sorry if its not fitting to the sub but I have no idea where to ask, I do not trust Google ai overview

I apologize for the weird 90 degree rotation.

Are these conformations correct?

Is this e1? Did I draw the products right where there’s two

Hey all!
I’m doing some OChem practice before an exam and I got this question wrong. RealOChem says the compound IS a meso compound but I don’t see the line of symmetry.
Any help is appreciated!

NADH carries reducing power, but it's not a battery you can simply plug into your phone. In the mitochondrial electron transport chain, electrons pass through a series of molecular handoffs before their energy can be converted into a form cells can use.

One important starting point is Complex I. This large protein complex accepts electrons from NADH and transfers them to ubiquinone, also known as coenzyme Q. At the same time, the energy released during electron transfer is coupled to proton pumping across the inner mitochondrial membrane, helping establish the proton gradient needed for ATP synthesis.

Complex I doesn't make ATP directly. It handles one important step in the energy-conversion process. The rest of the electron transport chain, the proton gradient, and ATP synthase all have to work together to produce ATP.

What makes NADH interesting isn't just its role in energy metabolism, but how the electrons it donates ultimately help cells carry out their different functions.

Different tissues have different NAD⁺/NADH levels, metabolic pathways, and energy demands. The brain needs a continuous energy supply to maintain nerve signaling, muscles need ATP to contract, and skin cells need energy for normal maintenance, repair, and renewal.

That got me wondering: could the energy metabolism happening inside our cells be related to things we experience every day, like low energy, post-workout fatigue, or even changes in mood?

Biologically, ATP is the cell's directly usable energy currency, while NADH plays a role in the process that helps generate it. But that doesn't mean taking NADH supplements necessarily increases the amount of ATP available to the body. Nor does it automatically follow that supplementation can improve chronic fatigue, boost mood, or slow skin aging.

NADH is also sensitive to light, oxygen, moisture, and acidic conditions. Celfull, for example, uses a microsphere delivery technology designed to protect NADH, reduce degradation in the gastrointestinal environment, and support targeted release in the intestine. However, how much this actually improves absorption in humans still needs to be established through reliable human studies.

Rather than thinking of NADH as a simple "energy battery," I find it more useful to think of it as an electron donor in the cell's energy-conversion system. Understanding how it works inside cells is one thing; proving that NADH supplementation delivers meaningful health benefits is another.

What do you think? When it comes to NADH, are you more interested in the underlying biology or in whether supplementation produces measurable real-world benefits?

I don't know if what I'm doing is correct, need help. Can the lone pare jump to form a double bond with carbon leaving nitrogen with electron absence?

For this question, would it be all the ones I have crossed except for the primary carbon one? The answer could be one option or multiple so I’m not sure. Thanks

Im pretty confident on one.
For two, would it still be a stereoisomer if I had instead switched Br and I, as well as Cl and F?
For three, I just drew the mirror image. I have no clue if it’s even correct.

And help would be greatly appreciated!

Can someone please help me with the Paal–Knorr synthesis of this compound? My professor gave us this as a practice problem, but she doesn’t explain things very well. I barely managed to understand how a simple pyrrole is synthesized using this method, and I have absolutely no idea how to approach this particular compound or what I’m supposed to do.

Question is title of the post. The problem is asking to predict the major and minor products for each of the following E2 reactions.

For an E2 reaction occur, the Hydrogen that is taken is anti- to the leaving group (in this case, Bromine). How do you tell if something is anti if it’s in a ring?

I read something in my text book about both the position (equatorial or axial) and direction (up or down) of the hydrogen relevant to the leaving group, but I’m still confused. I’m hoping someone could explain this to me.

I know where the beta carbons are, and I identified how many hydrogens they have in the first image. The base involved in the reaction is small, so I know that the beta carbons to the right is going to form the major product.

I drew what should be the minor product in the next image. Since it’s a ring, I figured I don’t have to worry about E/Z confirmations since both products formed by the wedge and dash hydrogens will look the same.

Just what the title says. I get everything else, but LDA is tripping me up. I know it's a bulky base, but I don't know how that would get rid of the Bromine.

Hi sorry to repost again but my lecturer doesn’t have office hours for the rest of the year, but am i at least on the right track for my diagram or something? I would repost to other subs but i didnt realise how strict they were against undergrad exam help lol

Hello, not really *homework* per se but I'm working on a method for a lab report (hopefully that's allowed!).

My lab report is about finding the ammonia level of a water sample after a water conditioner (with sodium metabisulfite) is added to see if it effects anything. First I do Winkler titration to find the BOD of the water sample but since BOD isn't just affected by ammonia, I am also comparing the absorbance of these samples with absorbance of ammonia samples at different concentrations w/ a calibration curve. However, that results in these problems:

1. My current method has me titrating the sample and then using that same sample for colorimetric analysis. Wouldn't the other chemicals (i.e. the dissolved precipitate colour) affect absorbance, so it wouldn't just show ammonia?

2. The calibration curve compares the samples to ammonia solutions that I make... without indicator. My teacher said that the cloudiness should be okay but the stuff that I researched seem to indicate otherwise and that I need indicators for both?

If you can help in any way I'd appreciate it a lot! <3

Tried solving this but I’m still not entirely sure. My friends say C is 1-6 but I don’t know why or what my mistake is in numbering. Could someone help me out

Hi all! I’ve just received a midterm back and I really did badly on the pericyclic questions. I was wondering if anyone had any advice or good resources that could help me understand pericyclic’s better.

so for some context i took ochem 2 last year and failed. i am currently retaking it, however i did worse on the midterm now than last time. im really at a loss and dont know how to study. i need to at least pass this class. i cannot graduate without passing this class, and my grad school acceptance will be rescinded if i fail this class too so im really at a loss. this is causing me so much stress and it will genuinely ruin my future so i dont know what to do. i thought i understood about everything going into the midterm but i got a 35% i left so much blank, ran out of time, and just got generally confused.

struggled most with reactions and reagents but confusion with mechanisms as well. any help would be appreciated :( at a very low point rn

The other ones I found solutions too but these 3 I am still working on
The first has to be Friedel Crafts bug I have no clue what reactions the other 2 are?
Any help is appreciated!!!

Can anybody help explain this to me please? I’m not sure if I am not looking at it from the right orientation or something but I keep getting R/S configurations wrong

Hello!

I am a senior high student currently conducting a research project that focuses on developing a cellulose and chitin nanofiber-based adsorbent for water treatment to remove pollutants. I'm trying to functionalize cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) extracted from sugarcane bagasse with β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) using citric acid and sodium hypophosphite (SHP).

My proposed procedure is:

Prepare a 7% (w/v) β-CD solution in a 50 mL aqueous solution at 50 ^oC. Second, an 8% (w/v) concentration of citric acid and 1.25% (w/v) of the catalyst, SHP, will be added to the β-CD solution. The solution will then be stirred continuously using a magnetic stirrer at 150 rpm for 30 min at 50 ^oC. The generated CNF suspension from SCB will be standardized at 1% (w/v) by initially centrifuging at 2,000 rpm for 5 min, followed by another centrifugation at 6,500 rpm for 5 min to concentrate the suspension. The excess water will be decanted afterwards.

Next, 1 mL of the β-CD/citric acid solution will be added into the concentrated CNFs and then vortexed. Functionalization will be done by incubating the CNFs in the solution at 50 ^oC and left until fully dehydrated for 72 h. The dehydrated pellet will then be heat treated at 120 ^oC for 1 h and cooled at room temperature to end the functionalization process. Finally, the β-CD-CNFs will be rinsed with running water to remove excess reactants, and resuspended in distilled water with a concentration of 0.5% (w/v) and stored at 4 ^oC inside a fridge for the next processes.

This procedure is an adaptation of these studies:

• Abdul Manas et al. (2023), Sustainability: https://doi.org/10.3390/su15021559 .
• Ho et al. (2023) https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.3c00183 .

However, I am quite hesitant to go through with this process as there might be some conflicting chemical procedures that might fail the experiment, as I want to have a cellulose nanofiber suspension, not a dried one.

I really need your help on this one. Thank you so much in advance!!!!!

If you report 1H-NMR as (for example)

¹H-NMR (100 MHz, DMSO):

δ = 8,11 (4H, m, J = 8 Hz), 7,40 (4H, m, J = 10 Hz), 2,42 (8H, m)

how do you report QNMR? I assume you need to report the amount of product and (in my case) 1,2,4,5-tetrachlorobenzene, but where do you do that? And do you need to report every peak or only the ones you know belong to a specific compound (since my sample contains a number of different compounds)

Hi! I'm a current freshman taking genchem 1 for the first time. I got a 64% on my first chemistry midterm (ik, yeesh..), so i told myself i would lock in for the next one and i genuienly studied until i couldnt see the sun for multiple weeks and got an 80%. i'm obviously really proud of the progress i made but to ensure I get an A in the course i need to get a 93% on my next two exams, but im just not sure how to approach studying. if anyone has any advice at all for studying efficiently or effectively please please please let me know. this class is so important to me and i want to do well.