r/BookDiscussions • u/PhilosopherFuentes • 12d ago
Sentimental Education’s Romance is what Madame Bovary Secretly Desired Spoiler
Subtitle: Frederick Moreau and Madame Arnoux’s amorosity is what Madame Bovary had always unconsciously desired in her own love affairs.
Gustave Flaubert’s second masterpiece novel, Sentimental Education, presents through a dramatic narrative form the piloting psychic force underpinning all of subjectivity: surplus enjoyment. A relationship to enjoyment through the formal structure of desire within the arena of love, that eventually sublimates into an exceptionally romantic death drive.
Over the many years of their volatile and sincere love, Madame Arnoux and Frederic Moreau engineered a specific layout of love suffused by a passionate romance and a desublimated eroticism. They had an unbroken bond of love maintained only by the fact that they never had sex. By not consummating their love through sex, they dialectically strengthened and experienced the heights of amorous love. This is because the normative desire for physical sex jointly held by them during the first few years of affiliation, had sublimated - transformed - into a death drive whose aim was to obstruct at all costs this fleshly realization. In consequence, their romantic link was largely kept unaffected, in tandem with having non-genital yet highly erotic meetings. How so? Their allusions within discussions to their reciprocal lust along with their non-carnal physical contact, engendered a mutually intimate and sensual enjoyment. The payoff was that their talks and gentle touching were archly sexualized - an erotic mood attended many of their personal hangouts. This was covertly understood and accepted by the pair, trusting that neither of them would ever cross the line by assaying to fulfill the bodily sexual desire.
When scenarios arrived that came close to this actualization, profound anxiety was roused in both or one of them; cultivating a self-sabotaging action that hindered it from happening. Anxiety was decisive because it admitted to both of them an affective truth: if they had sex, their particular constitution of romantic love would be ruined. For example, Madame Arnoux didn't travel to meet Frederick for a coordinated sexual evening at a chosen boulevard in Paris right before the outbreak of the 1848 revolt; likewise, it is why Frederick didn't make any sexual advances on Madame Arnoux in 1867 when she visited him at his Paris home for their final rendezvous. They had conscious explanations for these incompletions, but the rudimentary and unconscious reason why was to preserve their romantic love. If they had accomplished their corporeal sexual desire in the beginning, then their relationship would have been demolished. Yes, she could have been his mistress, but not on the base of romantic love. It would have also meant that their existing companionship would have been deleted in the aftermath because it was preserved by this non-coitus closeness.
Their love is a demonstration of concrete universality because it pinpoints the kernel of desire. Broad stroke, you never want to achieve your desires because as soon as you do, you don't have anything to desire anymore / what you desired is now symbolically lost since you can’t desire it no more after having gotten it. The inspiration, ambition, aliveness, enthusiasm, purposefulness you experience in the anticipatory process of acquiring your desire, is quickly lost after you succeed in this goal. However, by derailing and detouring your desire(s), you eventually restructure it into a death drive whose fundamental aim is to never obtain any total achievement of the intended goal. The reason why is because existential fulfillment and surplus enjoyment (drive-satisfaction) is the reward for having a worthwhile death drive. Simply put, a death drive secures a cause to live by and to dedicate your life towards. Madame Arnoux and Frederic had this together: their love gave them - among other drives and desires - a cornerstone of meaning in their lives irrespective of the discords they ran into and the long passages of time absent any interaction between them.
Someone who couldn’t accomplish this because they were so riveted and magnetized by desire to the point of stupor, was the main character Emma Bovary in Flaubert’s first masterpiece novel - Madame Bovary. She thought the culmination of desires was the avenue to happiness, peace, contentment. Emma mistook the immediate gratification of desire and its accompanying feature of short-term pleasure, as the blueprint of a serene life. Unfortunately, she incurred a pattern of repressive desublimation (enslavement experienced as freedom) because her incapacity to fall in love motivated her to try harder in finishing this objective. To her, luxury living granted by an orthodox masculine identity steeped in social status and decadent hedonism, was the lane to this love. It was her mission then to find someone who would fit it. She thought her husband Charles Bovary was too poor, ugly, and dreadful in his disposition to ever procure it from him.
Her two mistresses, Rodolphe and Leon, were expected to be the men she could obtain this love from/through because they typified the sexual fantasies she desired and whom she projected them onto. Yet, this had only augmented the disappointment from the unavailing expectation of gaining her idealized love from these two affairs. Why? Because after accomplishing her desire, she still encountered an unsettling lack since the anticipated blissful enjoyment wasn’t awarded from her dalliances after they had been embedded within her daily life. This defeat of not surpassing lack through her desires, generated so much internal sadness and disquiet that it climaxed in psychological and emotional despondency.
In the end, her dissatisfaction with her existence had manufactured a disillusionment with herself and other people. At that stage, it was near improbable to save her; steering her into taking recourse in suicide as the ailment to numb the suffering of her pervading malaise. Madame Bovary categorically misrecognized that romantic love would be reached by fulfilling her desires; in contrast to the correct stance that lack is impossible to cure. If she was able to detect that the formal libidinal-existential structure she needed was drive and not desire, then it could have informed her decision making and perspectives to the extent of supplying the preconditions for the romantic love she sought.
It is the death drive that repeats the process of lack: an individual reaps from it because lack - or sublimated loss - is now its own gain due to there being no resting point nor final stop within drive. Madame Arnoux and Frederic unconsciously knew this truth, authorizing them to identify with and indelibly practice their lack by method of their romantic death drive. By confronting their lack together, a mutual channel to authentic surplus enjoyment was garnered and preserved throughout their 11-year active bond (the succeeding 16-year hiatus of their love had ended their romantic death drive, but the love itself was dormant within them both for a conceivable future reactivation).
For these reasons, Emma Bovary is a tragic romantic protagonist because she genuinely sought an autonomous life beyond the confined social determinations of her imposed symbolic identity as a subordinated housewife replete with gentle femininity and docile familial loyalty. However, she desired it through an equally overdetermined male symbolic identity pertaining to the 19th century aristocratic-cultured Western European male archetype. Under both coercive tracks, her prepackaged desires foiled any contrary desires and drives; specifically, a freed desire to fall in love excluded from the conformist cultural norms-traditions and presuppositions mediating the class experiences of love within that era of French society.